基于推理公式的山洪预警雨量计算方法研究          下载免费PDF全文

李克先 《水文》2016,36(1):84-87

基于水科院推理公式,从山洪雨量预警需求出发,解除原公式在部分汇流中对流域面积分配曲线的矩形概化,经反演得出各典型时段临界雨量计算式;同时采用等流时方法,有效解决了计算式中最大部分汇流面积的定量问题。研究提出的预警雨量计算方法,物理概念清晰,易于理解和掌握,计算便捷,且无需水文资料,可作为现行山洪预警雨量分析计算的一种新方法。  相似文献   

Evaluation of WRF-based convection-permitting multi-physics ensemble forecasts over China for an extreme rainfall event on 21 July 2012 in Beijing     

Kefeng Zhu  Ming Xue 《大气科学进展》2016,33(11):1240-1258

On 21 July 2012, an extreme rainfall event that recorded a maximum rainfall amount over 24 hours of 460 mm, occurred in Beijing, China. Most operational models failed to predict such an extreme amount. In this study, a convective-permitting ensemble forecast system (CEFS), at 4-km grid spacing, covering the entire mainland of China, is applied to this extreme rainfall case. CEFS consists of 22 members and uses multiple physics parameterizations. For the event, the predicted maximum is 415 mm d^-1 in the probability-matched ensemble mean. The predicted high-probability heavy rain region is located in southwest Beijing, as was observed. Ensemble-based verification scores are then investigated. For a small verification domain covering Beijing and its surrounding areas, the precipitation rank histogram of CEFS is much flatter than that of a reference global ensemble. CEFS has a lower (higher) Brier score and a higher resolution than the global ensemble for precipitation, indicating more reliable probabilistic forecasting by CEFS. Additionally, forecasts of different ensemble members are compared and discussed. Most of the extreme rainfall comes from convection in the warm sector east of an approaching cold front. A few members of CEFS successfully reproduce such precipitation, and orographic lift of highly moist low-level flows with a significantly southeasterly component is suggested to have played important roles in producing the initial convection. Comparisons between good and bad forecast members indicate a strong sensitivity of the extreme rainfall to the mesoscale environmental conditions, and, to less of an extent, the model physics.  相似文献   

Radiative effects on torrential rainfall during the landfall of Typhoon Fitow (2013)     

Lingyun Lou  Xiaofan Li 《大气科学进展》2016,33(1):101-109

Cloud microphysical and rainfall responses to radiative processes are examined through analysis of cloud-resolving model sensitivity experiments of Typhoon Fitow(2013) during landfall.The budget analysis shows that the increase in the mean rainfall caused by the exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds corresponds to the decrease in accretion of raindrops by cloud ice in the presence of radiative effects of ice clouds,but the rainfall is insensitive to radiative effects of water clouds in the absence of radiative effects of ice clouds.The increases in the mean rainfall resulting from the removal of radiative effects of ice clouds correspond to the enhanced net condensation.The increases(decreases) in maximum rainfall caused by the exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds in the presence(absence) of radiative effects of ice clouds,or the removal of radiative effects of ice clouds in the presence(absence) of radiative effects of water clouds,correspond mainly to the enhancements(reductions) in net condensation.The mean rain rate is a product of rain intensity and fractional rainfall coverage.The radiation-induced difference in the mean rain rate is related to the difference in rain intensity.The radiation-induced difference in the maximum rain rate is associated with the difference in the fractional coverage of maximum rainfall.  相似文献   

“灿鸿”台风造成浙江东北部大暴雨成因分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

周福  钱燕珍  方艳莹  顾小丽  王毅 《气象》2016,42(3):305-313

本文利用常规观测和自动站加密资料、卫星云图资料及NCEP再分析资料,分析了2015年7月10—11日1509号台风灿鸿造成其西侧浙江东北部异常强暴雨事件,得到本次大暴雨过程是由于"灿鸿"强度强、范围大、直接影响时间长,长时间东北气流下,在浙东北特殊地形作用下,形成地面辐合带造成的。台风影响前期该区域处在对流不稳定状态,水汽含量丰沛,低层辐合,高层辐散且气温低,有利于上升运动,上层水汽冷凝造成强降雨。暴雨区低层MPV1由负值转变为正值,导致垂直涡度加强,925 hPaθ_(se)的高能区的长期存在,有利于上升气流增强,水汽长时间大量输送有利于台风的发展和维持,也有利于强降雨的形成。这些物理量的变化与雨量增大和减小有6~12 h的提前。呈喇叭口状的杭州湾及南面四明山、狭长东北一西南走向的象山港以及南岸的山脉等地形有迎风坡作用和地形辐合,对东北气流参与造成的降雨有增幅作用。  相似文献   

黄石、大冶两邻近地区设计雨强差异的原因分析     

方怡  陈正洪  孙朋杰  陈幼姣  陈城 《气象》2016,42(3):356-362

利用水平距离约23.7 km、年降水量相近的黄石和大冶气象站多年分钟降水资料,根据相关规范,分别推算黄石、大冶两市暴雨强度公式各参数,并分析两市设计雨强存在差异的原因。结果表明:(1)根据公式推算结果,在重现期0.5~100 a黄石各历时雨强(5~120 min)均大于大冶,最大可达27.34%;(2)黄石平均年降水量略小于大冶,但最大年降水量、最大月降水量、最大日降水量、平均年暴雨日数均大于大冶的相应值;(3)对经过年多个样法选样后的降水量样本进行分析:除了第一个最大降水量的多年平均值黄石偏大,其余7个次大值大冶略大。黄石前8个最大降水量算出的标准偏差约为大冶的1.4倍。综合可见,短历时降水量的偏大是黄石设计雨强结果偏大于大冶的原因,设计雨强结果对样本的第一个最大雨量值以及标准偏差更为敏感。  相似文献   

云南夏季降水量在21世纪初的突变减少及原因分析   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

肖子牛  石文静  段玮 《气象》2016,42(3):261-270

利用1960—2013年云南125个台站观测资料和美国环境预报中心/国家大气研究中心再分析资料,以及1960—2013年美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)提供的逐月平均全球海表温度资料,分析了云南地区降水量变化的特征以及与之相关联的大气环流背景场。分析结果表明:云南降水量在2002年发生了一次显著减少的突变,而这次突变主要是由于夏季降水的明显减少而形成的。进一步的分析揭示了该地区夏季降水减少主要与印度洋热带赤道地区低层东风加强和高空西风加强有关,亚洲地区中高纬度温度的升高也对该地区夏季降水量显著减少有重要作用。  相似文献   

Influence of the South China Sea Biweekly Sea Surface Temperature on the South China Sea Summer Monsoon Especially during the Indian Ocean Dipole     

B. H. Vaid  P. S. Polito 《大气与海洋》2016,54(1):48-59

The influence of the biweekly sea surface temperature (SST) in the South China Sea (SCS) on the SCS summer monsoon, especially during the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is presented using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) SST and rainfall data for April to June from 1999 to 2013. During positive IOD (PIOD) years the biweekly SST anomalies over the SCS lead the rain anomalies by three days, with a significant correlation (r?=?0.8, at the 99% confidence level), whereas during negative IOD (NIOD) years, the correlation is only 0.2. The biweekly SST is observed to influence the westward and northward propagating rainfall anomalies over the SCS and, hence, affect the SCS summer monsoon, especially during PIOD years. No such propagation was seen during NIOD years. The biweekly intraseasonal oscillation of SST in the SCS results in enhanced sea level pressure and surface shortwave radiation, especially during PIOD years. The potential findings here indicate that the biweekly SST in the SCS is strongly (weakly) influenced during PIOD (NIOD) years. Further, it is observed that SST in the SCS has a strong (weak) effect on the SCS summer monsoon by westward and northward propagation of rainfall, especially during PIOD (NIOD) years. When a PIOD or NIOD exists over the tropical Indian Ocean, the SCS SST will be strongly (r?=?0.6, at the 99% confidence level) or weakly correlated with the residual index, respectively.  相似文献   

ECMWF集合预报和确定性预报对淮河流域暴雨预报的对比分析   总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1  

董全  金荣花  代刊  康志明 《气象》2016,42(9):1146-1153

本文运用2012年5—9月欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的集合预报系统(Ensemble Prediction System,EPS)和确定性模式(High-resolution Deterministic forecast,HDet)资料对比分析了淮河流域暴雨的预报效果。对于集合预报,主要对比了基于EPS的日降水量极端天气预报指数(Extreme Forecast Index,EFI),和改进的贝叶斯模型平均(Modified Bayesian Model Averaging,MBMA)法对降水的订正后概率。由于ROC(Relative Operating Characteristic)检验是与模式的系统性偏差无关的,所以选用ROC检验,对比了不同空报率下的TS评分,以及不同方法的相对经济价值。对比检验的结果显示,各时效预报MBMA预报效果最好,其次是HDet,EFI的预报效果最差,其中2 d内的预报HDet接近MBMA,随着预报时效的延长,MBMA相对于HDet和EFI的优势不断增强。在不同标准下确定三种方法对淮河流域暴雨预报的阈值,结果显示MBMA同样优于HDet,EFI预报效果最差。但MBMA的优势是通过增加预报偏差得到,如果将预报偏差限定为主观预报的1.37,此时MBMA的效果和HDet的效果接近。  相似文献   

2015年11月大气环流和天气分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

沈晓琳  何立富 《气象》2016,42(2):254-260

2015年11月环流特征如下：北半球极涡呈单极型分布,中高纬西风呈3波型分布,南支槽平均位置大致位于90°E附近,同时,西太平洋副热带高压较常年同期偏西、强度偏强。11月全国平均降水量39.4 mm,较常年同期偏多1.1倍;全国平均气温为4.1℃,较常年同期偏高1.2℃,但华北、东北等地气温偏低。月内共出现2次冷空气过程和4次主要降水过程,江南、华南等地部分地区雨量偏多2~3倍,多站出现极端日降水量;月内还有3次重污染天气过程。  相似文献   

喀什市降水日变化特征分析     

赵克明 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2016,10(2):31-35

利用1994～2013年5～9月喀什市气象站逐小时降水资料,分析喀什近20a降水日变化特征。研究表明,20时至翌日06时为降水量的高值阶段,最大值出现在01时,07时至19时为降水量的低值时段,最小值出现在16时。降水频次的高值区为00时至07时,降水最不易产生的时间为17时。降水强度最高值在20时,次高值为01时,也是累积降水量较大时刻,降水强度最低值出现在15时也是累积降水量的低值区。喀什的降水主要以短时性降水（1～3h）为主,多发生在傍晚至夜间,1h降水频次最多的是量级≤1mm的降水,但1.1mm≤R1≤3.0mm量级的降水贡献率最高。小雨、中雨及大雨降水过程最易发生时段均为前半夜,下午为各量级降水过程发生最少的时段。  相似文献