Antioxidant efficiency and detoxification enzymes in spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula     

Stefania Gorbi  David Pellegrini  Sara Tedesco  Francesco Regoli   《Marine environmental research》2004,58(2-5):293

Although elasmobranchs are widely distributed species, commonly found on sandy, gravely or muddy bottoms, several biological aspects of their metabolism still remain poorly investigated. In this work the efficiency of antioxidant system and detoxification enzymes were investigated in the coastal spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula and in the red mullet Mullus barbatus for comparison with a teleost species.Organisms were sampled during a bottom trawl survey and analyzed for the biotransformation activity (EROD), levels of metallothioneins, catalase, glutathione S-transferases and total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) toward peroxyl radicals and hydroxyl radicals.EROD activity in the elasmobranchs was more than one order of magnitude lower than in the red mullets, while similar levels of metallothioneins were measured in these species. S. canicula showed significantly lower antioxidant enzymes and a more reduced efficiency in neutralizing ^√OH; on the other hand the scavenging capability toward ROO^√ was comparable in S. canicula and M. barbatus.  相似文献   

风暴潮漫滩数值预报模式分析与探讨   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

孙文心  杨宗严  史峰岩 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》1994,(3)

用Ｆｌａｔｈｅｒ可变边界模式数值模拟黄河三角洲的风暴潮漫滩，比较计算的三种漫滩模式，讨论可变边界条件。  相似文献   

The scavenging of nitrate by clouds and precipitation     

S. Wurzler  A. I. Flossmann  H. R. Pruppacher  S. E. Schwartz 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1995,20(3):259-280

A model with spectral microphysics was developed to describe the scavenging of nitrate aerosol particles and HNO₃ gas. This model was incorporated into the dynamic framework of an entraining air parcel model with which we computed the uptake of nitrate by cloud drops whose size distribution changes with time because of condensation, collision-coalescence and break-up. Significant differences were found between the scavenging behavior of nitrate and our former results on the scavenging behavior of sulfate. These reflect the following chemical and microphysical differences between the two systems:

1. nitrate particles occur in a larger size range than sulfate particles.
2. HNO₃ has a much greater solubility than SO₂ and is taken up irreversibly inside the drops in contrast to SO₂.
3. nitric acid in the cloud water is formed directly on uptake of HNO₃ gas whereas on uptake of SO₂ sulfuric acid is formed only after the reaction with oxidizing agents such as e.g., H₂O₂ or O₃.
4. nitrate resulting from uptake of HNO₃ is confined mainly to small drops, whereas sulfate resulting from uptake of SO₂ is most concentrated in the largest, oldest drops, which have had the greatest time for reaction.

Sensitivity studies showed that the nitrate concentration of small drops is significantly affected by the mass accommodation coefficient.  相似文献   

Observed changes in aerosol physical and optical properties before and after precipitation events     

Xingmin Li  Yan Dong  Zipeng Dong  Chuanli Du  Chuang Chen 《大气科学进展》2016,33(8):931-944

Precipitation scavenging of aerosol particles is an important removal process in the atmosphere that can change aerosol physical and optical properties. This paper analyzes the changes in aerosol physical and optical properties before and after four rain events using in situ observations of mass concentration, number concentration, particle size distribution, scattering and absorption coefficients of aerosols in June and July 2013 at the Xianghe comprehensive atmospheric observation station in China. The results show the effect of rain scavenging is related to the rain intensity and duration, the wind speed and direction. During the rain events, the temporal variation of aerosol number concentration was consistent with the variation in mass concentration, but their size-resolved scavenging ratios were different. After the rain events, the increase in aerosol mass concentration began with an increase in particles with diameter 0.8 μm [measured using an aerodynamic particle sizer(APS)], and fine particles with diameter 0.1 μm [measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer(SMPS)]. Rainfall was most efficient at removing particles with diameter ～0.6 μm and greater than 3.5 μm. The changes in peak values of the particle number distribution(measured using the SMPS) before and after the rain events reflect the strong scavenging effect on particles within the 100–120 nm size range. The variation patterns of aerosol scattering and absorption coefficients before and after the rain events were similar, but their scavenging ratios differed, which may have been related to the aerosol particle size distribution and chemical composition.  相似文献   

Enzyme-like activities of algal polysaccharide - cerium complexes     

WANGDongfeng SUNJipeng DUDehong YEShen WANGChanghong ZHOUXiaoling XUEChanghu 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2005,4(1):29-33

Water-soluble algal polysaccharides (APS) (alginic acid, fucoidan and laminaran) possess many pharmacological activities. The results of this study showed that the APS-Ce^4 complexes have some enzyme-like activities. Fucoidan and its complex with Ce^4 have activities similar to those of SOD. The activities of laminaran, alginic acid and their complexes are not measurable. The APS do not show measurable activities in the digestion of plasmid DNA. In contrast, the APS - Ce^4 complexes show these measurable activities under the comparable condition when APS bind Ce^4 and form homogenous solutions. The laminaran-Ce^4 complex shows the most obvious activity in the digestion of plasmid DNA, pNPP and chloropyrifos under neutral conditions.  相似文献   

Microwave link rainfall estimation: Effects of link length and frequency,temporal sampling,power resolution,and wet antenna attenuation     

H. Leijnse  R. Uijlenhoet  J.N.M. Stricker 《Advances in water resources》2008

Issues associated with microwave link rainfall estimation such as the effects of spatial and temporal variation in rain, the nonlinearity of R–k$R''–''k$ relations, temporal sampling, power resolution, and wet antenna attenuation are investigated using more than 1.5 years of data from a high-resolution X-band weather radar. Microwave link signals are generated for different link frequencies and lengths from these radar data, so that retrieved path-averaged rainfall intensities can be compared to true path-averaged values. Results of these simulations can be linked to the space–time structure of rain. A frequency-dependent relation between the rainfall intensity at an antenna and the attenuation caused by its wetting is derived using microwave link and rain gauge data. It is shown that if the correct temporal sampling strategy is chosen, the effects of the degradation of power resolution and of wet antenna attenuation (if a correction is applied) are minor (i.e., MBE and bias-corrected RMSE are >−20% and <20% of the mean rainfall intensity, respectively) for link frequencies and lengths above ∼20 GHz and ∼2 km, respectively.  相似文献   

气溶胶粒子的降水清除   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

姚克亚  郭俊  傅云飞  刘勇 《气候与环境研究》1999,4(3):297-302

讨论了雨滴在云下对气溶胶粒子的清除,考虑了气溶胶粒子和雨滴之间的碰并系数,雨滴谱以及气溶胶粒子谱对清除系数的影响。在０１＜ ｒ＜ １０ μｍ 范围内,利用不同的碰并系数表达式算得的降雨对该区间内气溶胶粒子的清除系数相差很大,但对总质量清除系数影响不大;雨滴谱的改变对总质量清除系数有很大影响;不同的气溶胶粒子谱对总质量清除也有一定影响。雨滴谱用Ｍａｒｓｈａｌｌ－ Ｐａｌｍ ｅｒ 分布;气溶胶粒子谱用Ｊｕｎｇｅ 分布ｎ（ｒ）＝ ａｒｂ 算得清除系数与雨强关系为Λ＝ ０５１Ｉ０７８,而气溶胶粒子谱改用三参数分布（ｒ）＝ ａｒｂｅ－ ｃｒ得到清除系数与雨强的关系为Λ＝ ０２５Ｉ０７７。  相似文献   

Incorporation of aerosol particles between 25 and 850 nm into cloud elements: measurements with a new complementary sampling system     

Alfons Schwarzenboeck  Jost Heintzenberg  Stephan Mertes 《Atmospheric Research》2000,52(4):8437

The interpretation of the physico-chemical processes in clouds is facilitated by segregating in situ cloud elements from their carrier gas and small particles (interstitial aerosol). Thus, the present study focuses on the quantitative phase segregation of interstitial air from cloud phase by two complementary samplers with microphysical on-line analysis of the separated phases. An improved counterflow virtual impactor (CVI) was developed for the collection and subsequent evaporation of the condensed phase, releasing dissolved gaseous material and residual particles. This sampler operates in the size range of few micrometers up to 50 μm in cloud element diameter and is matched by an interstitial Round Jet Impactor sampling the gas phase with interstitial particles. Calibrations of both samplers verified the calculated cut sizes D₅₀ of 4, 5, and 6 μm and quantified the slope of the collection efficiency curves. Until this study no direct CVI measurements of the residual particle sizes far below the diameter of 0.1 μm were available. For the first time a CVI was connected to a Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (DMPS) scanning between 25 nm and 850 nm, thus, including the entire Aitken mode in the residual size analysis. Cloud studies on the Puy de Dôme, France, revealed residual particle sizes including Aitken mode (diameter D<100 nm) and accumulation mode (D>100 nm). A major feature of the CVI data is expressed by the fact that despite incomplete incorporation of accumulation mode particles in cloud elements there are contributions of particles with diameters smaller than 0.1 μm to the number of residual particles. Cloud entrainment from height levels above the maximum supersaturation as wells as the size-dependent chemical composition of the aerosol population most likely produced the S-shaped size-dependent partitioning of residual particles. Compared to earlier studies the 50% partitioning diameters dropped significantly below 100 nm to roughly 70 nm.  相似文献   

Motions and slamming impact on catamaran   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kamlesh S. Varyani  Rama M. Gatiganti  Miroslaw Gerigk 《Ocean Engineering》2000,27(7)

Prediction of craft motions and the dynamic loads acting on a catamaran hull are of great importance to the designer. This paper presents the motions of a Vosper International catamaran in head seas with and without forward speed. Two approaches are used—strip theory and the 3D pulsating source method. A method to predict slamming loads acting on this catamaran section using Computational Fluid Dynamics is presented. The loads acting on catamaran hulls and the cross structure are illustrated.  相似文献   

2001年7月山西中部一次罕见暴雨过程的诊断分析   总被引：10，自引：6，他引：4  

赵桂香  程麟生 《高原气象》2006,25(6):1083-1091

利用常规探空和地面实测资料以及GMS-5红外卫星云图资料,对发生在2001年7月26~27日山西省晋中市的一次区域性暴雨进行了天气学诊断和准地转Q矢量、湿Q矢量诊断及对比分析,结果表明:(1)此次暴雨发生在稳定的大尺度环流背景下,低涡切变线是其主要影响系统;东移发展的地面强冷锋是造成此次暴雨的天气尺度系统;而冷锋云系中新生、发展的中-β尺度暴雨云团是造成这次暴雨的直接系统。能量场在地面表现为Ω型。(2)Q矢量锋生函数表现出典型的准地转特征,而湿Q矢量锋生函数则具有明显的中尺度特征,且与降水量有滞后6 h的正相关关系,其强中心的出现是未来6 h强降水预报的重要指标。(3)对湿Q矢量的分解表明,Qx*和Qy*在强度、层次以及出现的时间上存在明显差异,这可能是由于对于暴雨这种伴有强烈垂直上升运动的天气现象来说,其经向上热量和动量的交换较纬向上的要大得多;暴雨出现在Qy*正、负值的交汇处。  相似文献