Using a transient infiltrometric technique for intensively sampling field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity of a clay soil in two runoff plots     

V. Bagarello  C. Di Stefano  M. Iovino  A. Sgroi 《水文研究》2013,27(24):3415-3423

The point measurement of soil properties allows to explain and simulate plot scale hydrological processes. An intensive sampling was carried out at the surface of an unsaturated clay soil to measure, on two adjacent plots of 4 × 11 m² and two different dates (May 2007 and February–March 2008), dry soil bulk density, ρ_b, and antecedent soil water content, θ_i, at 88 points. Field‐saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, K_fs, was also measured at 176 points by the transient Simplified Falling Head technique to determine the soil water permeability characteristics at the beginning of a possible rainfall event yielding measurable runoff. The ρ_b values did not differ significantly between the two dates, but wetter soil conditions (by 31%) and lower conductivities (1.95 times) were detected on the second date as compared with the first one. Significantly higher (by a factor of 1.8) K_fs values were obtained with the 0.30‐m‐diameter ring compared with the 0.15‐m‐diameter ring. A high K_fs (> 100 mm h^?1) was generally obtained for low θ_i values (< 0.3 m³m^?3), whereas a high θ_i yielded an increased percentage of low K_fs data (1–100 mm h^?1). The median of K_fs for each plot/sampling date combination was not lower than 600 mm h^?1, and rainfall intensities rarely exceeded 100 mm h^?1 at the site. The occurrence of runoff at the base of the plot needs a substantial reduction of the surface soil permeability characteristics during the event, probably promoted by a higher water content than the one of this investigation (saturation degree = 0.44–0.62) and some soil compaction due to rainfall impact. An intensive soil sampling reduces the risk of an erroneous interpretation of hydrological processes. In an unstable clay soil, changes in K_fs during the event seem to have a noticeable effect on runoff generation, and they should be considered for modeling hydrological processes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

三维定量交会技术在流体预测中的研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

李国福  李录明  李才明 《物探与化探》2011,35(3):398-401

定量交会技术在油气勘探中应用广泛,在储层流体识别中也起到了非常重要的作用。笔者介绍了多参数优选的方法,经计算得到敏感性较高的参数,在此基础上进行流体属性敏感性分析,避免多参数选择的多解性和不确定性。以Castagna和Smith发布的在全球范围测量的25个数据集为模型,用优选的参数进行三维交会分析,对储层的识别效果很好。  相似文献   

上扬子台地西缘峨眉地区三叠纪高频层序与海平面振荡研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

赵玉光  许效松  刘宝珺 《沉积与特提斯地质》1996,16(1):1-18

通过精细露头层序地层学的研究，将三叠纪标定了二级层序２个，三级层序９个。提出并厘定了层序旋回的等级系列：一级（２００—４００Ｍａ），二级（１０—１００Ｍａ），三级（１—１０Ｍａ），四级（０．１—０．２Ｍａ），五级（０．２—０．０５Ｍａ）和六级（±０．０２Ｍａ）层序旋回。将三叠纪盆地划分为被动边缘（Ｔ１＋２）和前陆盆地（Ｔ３）阶段。进一步标定了古构造沉降对有效容纳空间及层序形成的贡献。提出并规范了高频层序的内涵本质及其划分方案。建立并标定了不同物质背景之下的高频层序四种鉴定类型：三角洲河口坝或滨岸旋回序列型；波痕指数垂向有序变化型；厚层灰岩或白云岩与薄层灰岩或白云岩有序叠置偶合型和砂屑灰岩与砂、泥岩层偶型。高频层序行为堆叠样式及其所携带的信息可深刻地揭示三级层序的内部构架，提高地层对比精度。为建立高分辨率层序地层学和定量编制全球海平面变化曲线奠定了基础。  相似文献   

Investigating long-term trends of climate change and their spatial variations caused by regional and local environments through data mining     

Yichun Xie  Yang Zhang  Hai Lan  Lishen Mao  Shi Zeng  Yulu Chen 《地理学报(英文版)》2018,28(6):802-818

Climate change is a global phenomenon but is modified by regional and local environmental conditions. Moreover, climate change exhibits remarkable cyclical oscillations and disturbances, which often mask and distort the long-term trends of climate change we would like to identify. Inspired by recent advancements in data mining, we experimented with empirical mode decomposition (EMD) technique to extract long-term change trends from climate data. We applied GIS elevation model to construct 3D EMD trend surface to visualize spatial variations of climate change over regions and biomes. We then computed various time-series similarity measures and plot them to examine spatial patterns across meteorological stations. We conducted a case study in Inner Mongolia based on daily records of precipitation and temperature at 45 meteorological stations from 1959 to 2010. The EMD curves effectively illustrated the long-term trends of climate change. The EMD 3D surfaces revealed regional variations of climate change, while the EMD similarity plots disclosed cross-station deviations. In brief, the change trends of temperature were significantly different from those of precipitation. Noticeable regional patterns and local disturbances of the changes in both temperature and precipitation were identified. The trends of change were modified by regional and local topographies and land covers.  相似文献   

杭州城市多级通风廊道体系构建初探     

俞布  贺晓冬  危良华  陈亮  周雯 《气象科学》2018,38(5):625-636

随着小城镇建设及城市总体规划修编的实施,基于城市通风廊道构建的生态环境效应成为当前城市生态规划研究的热点。以杭州为例,研究构建了集合城市气候观测、多尺度数值模拟、城市形态控制为一体的城市多级通风廊道系统,综合考虑能够表达或影响城市通风环境的多源评价指标,如分区风玫瑰、近地面风流场、城市风功能区及风流通潜力等。结论表明:杭州城市主导风空间差异明显,可划分为15个截然不同的风玫瑰分区。利用区域边界层模式(RBLM)耦合多层城市冠层模型提取多种地面风流场信息,并结合主导风观测综合划定杭州城市一级通风廊道。结合建筑覆盖率、迎风面系数和地表粗糙度综合评价城市风流通潜力,并将其作为杭州城市二、三级风道划定的辅助依据。同时,利用RNGκ-ε湍流模型验证风道对局部通风环境改善的有效性。最终,基于多源信息的空间叠置分析,综合构建了由6条一级风道、11条二级风道和12条三级城市绿廊构成的杭州城市多级通风廊道体系,为其他城市开展通风廊道研究提供了通用的技术方法,从而科学有效的服务于城市生态规划及管理。  相似文献   

Estimating flow resistance in steep slope rills     

Costanza Di Stefano  Alessio Nicosia  Vincenzo Palmeri  Vincenzo Pampalone  Vito Ferro 《水文研究》2021,35(7):e14296

Recent research recognized that the slope of 18% can be used to distinguish between the ‘gentle slope’ case and that of ‘steep slope’ for the detected differences in hydraulic variables (flow depth, velocity, Reynolds number, Froude number) and those representatives of sediment transport (flow transport capacity, actual sediment load). In this paper, using previous measurements carried out in mobile bed rills and flume experiments characterized by steep slopes (i.e., slope greater than or equal to 18%), a theoretical rill flow resistance equation to estimate the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor is tested. The main aim is to deduce a relationship between the velocity profile parameter Γ, the channel slope, the Reynolds number, the Froude number and the textural classes using a data base characterized by a wide range of hydraulic conditions, plot or flume slope (18%–84%) and textural classes (clay ranging from 3% to 71%). The obtained relationship is also tested using 47 experimental runs carried out in the present investigation with mobile bed rills incised in a 18%—sloping plot with a clay loam soil and literature data. The analysis demonstrated that: (1) the soil texture affects the estimate of the Γ parameter and the theoretical flow resistance law (Equation 25), (2) the proposed Equation (25) fits well the independent measurements of the testing data base, (3) the estimate of the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor is affected by the soil particle detachability and transportability and (4) the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor is linearly related to the rill slope.  相似文献   

Plot‐scale measurement of soil erosion at the experimental area of Sparacia (southern Italy)     

V. Bagarello  V. Ferro 《水文研究》2004,18(1):141-157

Obtaining good quality soil loss data from plots requires knowledge of the factors that affect natural and measurement data variability and of the erosion processes that occur on plots of different sizes. Data variability was investigated in southern Italy by collecting runoff and soil loss from four universal soil‐loss equation (USLE) plots of 176 m², 20 ‘large’ microplots (0·16 m²) and 40 ‘small’ microplots (0·04 m²). For the four most erosive events (event erosivity index, R_e ≥ 139 MJ mm ha^?1 h^?1), mean soil loss from the USLE plots was significantly correlated with R_e. Variability of soil loss measurements from microplots was five to ten times greater than that of runoff measurements. Doubling the linear size of the microplots reduced mean runoff and soil loss measurements by a factor of 2·6–2·8 and increased data variability. Using sieved soil instead of natural soil increased runoff and soil loss by a factor of 1·3–1·5. Interrill erosion was a minor part (0·1–7·1%) of rill plus interrill erosion. The developed analysis showed that the USLE scheme was usable to predict mean soil loss at plot scale in Mediterranean areas. A microplot of 0·04 m² could be used in practice to obtain field measurements of interrill soil erodibility in areas having steep slopes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

一种GPS数据质量可视化软件的设计     

戴伟  吴继忠  蔡靖宇  沈飞 《测绘科学》2016,41(11):184-188

针对TEQC和QCVIEW采用DOS命令式操作的不便以及QCVIEW与高版本操作系统不兼容的一系列问题,开发了一种基于TEQC的GPS数据质量可视化软件Visual TEQC。Visual TEQC采用C#编写,能够兼容多个操作系统,支持所有版本的质量检核数据文件,且具有单文件和多文件可视化成图功能。多个数据实验结果表明:Visual TEQC不仅具备了QCVIEW的基本成图功能,而且弥补了QCVIEW只能处理COMPACT格式的不足,可实现单文件和多文件的自动化处理,极大地方便用户操作与使用,表明Visual TEQC能够较好地实现数据质量可视化功能。  相似文献   

基于探空资料的西南区域暴雨环境参数统计分析     

顾天红  杜小玲  李力 《中低纬山地气象》2022,46(2)

利用西南区域11个探空站数据及地面常规观测资料,对2010～2020年196次暴雨过程中表征水汽、热力不稳定、动力条件的10种物理量参数进行统计分析,基于箱线图提取了一些有利于暴雨发生的环境参数阈值。结果表明：（1）对流层中低层近饱和的大气和比湿高值是该区域暴雨发生的有利条件之一;（2）沙氏指数在各季节的阈值均较低,对流有效位能在盛夏时值较高,多对流性暴雨,而初秋对其要求不高,多稳定性暴雨;（3）初夏和盛夏对最大上升速度的要求明显大于初秋,而能量螺旋度主要在初夏才有一定要求。  相似文献   

Measuring sheet erosion using synthetic color‐contrast aggregates          下载免费PDF全文

Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan  Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi  Mehdi Homaee  Mahmood Arabkhedri 《水文研究》2014,28(15):4463-4471

The bulk of eroded soils measured at the outlets of plots, slopes and watersheds are suspended sediments, splash‐induced sheet erosion. It is depending on rainfall intensity and antecedent soil moisture contents and contributes to a significant proportion of soil loss that usually is ignored in soil erosion and sediment studies. A digital image processing method for tracing and measuring non‐suspended soil particles detached/transported by splash/runoff was therefore used in the present study. Accordingly, fine mineral pumice grains aggregated with white cement and coloured with yellow pigment powder, with the same size, shape and specific gravity as those of natural soil aggregates, called synthetic color‐contrast aggregates, were used as tracers for detecting soil particle movement. Subsequently, the amount of non‐suspended soil particles detached and moved downward the slope was inferred with the help of digital image processing techniques using MATLAB R2010B software (Mathworks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA). The present study was conducted under laboratory conditions with four simulated rainfall intensities between 30–90 mm h^‐1, five antecedent soil moisture contents between 12–44 % v v^‐1 and a slope of 30%, using sandy loam soils taken from a summer rangeland in the Alborz Mountains, Northern Iran. A range of total transported soil between 90.34 and 1360.93 g m^‐2 and net splash erosion between 36.82 and 295.78 g m^‐2were observed. The results also showed the sediment redeposition ratio ranging from 87.27% [sediment delivery ratio (SDR) = 12.73%] to 96.39% (SDR = 3.61%) in various antecedent soil moisture contents of rainfall intensity of 30 mm h^‐1 and from 80.55% (SDR = 19.45%) to 89.42% (SDR = 10.58%) in rainfall intensity of 90 mm h^‐1. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献