2022年1—3月全球火山活动简报     

孙立影  康建红  贾若  韩迪 《中国地震》2022,38(2):383-388

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The Oligocene Lund Tuff, Great Basin, USA: a very large volume monotonous intermediate     

Larissa L. Maughan  Eric H. Christiansen  Myron G. Best  C. Sherman Gromm  Alan L. Deino  David G. Tingey 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2002,113(1-2)

Unusual monotonous intermediate ignimbrites consist of phenocryst-rich dacite that occurs as very large volume (>1000 km³) deposits that lack systematic compositional zonation, comagmatic rhyolite precursors, and underlying plinian beds. They are distinct from countless, usually smaller volume, zoned rhyolite–dacite–andesite deposits that are conventionally believed to have erupted from magma chambers in which thermal and compositional gradients were established because of sidewall crystallization and associated convective fractionation. Despite their great volume, or because of it, monotonous intermediates have received little attention. Documentation of the stratigraphy, composition, and geologic setting of the Lund Tuff – one of four monotonous intermediate tuffs in the middle-Tertiary Great Basin ignimbrite province – provides insight into its unusual origin and, by implication, the origin of other similar monotonous intermediates.The Lund Tuff is a single cooling unit with normal magnetic polarity whose volume likely exceeded 3000 km³. It was emplaced 29.02±0.04 Ma in and around the coeval White Rock caldera which has an unextended north–south diameter of about 50 km. The tuff is monotonous in that its phenocryst assemblage is virtually uniform throughout the deposit: plagioclase>quartz≈hornblende>biotite>Fe–Ti oxides≈sanidine>titanite, zircon, and apatite. However, ratios of phenocrysts vary by as much as an order of magnitude in a manner consistent with progressive crystallization in the pre-eruption chamber. A significant range in whole-rock chemical composition (e.g., 63–71 wt% SiO₂) is poorly correlated with phenocryst abundance.These compositional attributes cannot have been caused wholly by winnowing of glass from phenocrysts during eruption, as has been suggested for the monotonous intermediate Fish Canyon Tuff. Pumice fragments are also crystal-rich, and chemically and mineralogically indistinguishable from bulk tuff. We postulate that convective mixing in a sill-like magma chamber precluded development of a zoned chamber with a rhyolitic top or of a zoned pyroclastic deposit. Chemical variations in the Lund Tuff are consistent with equilibrium crystallization of a parental dacitic magma followed by eruptive mixing of compositionally diverse crystals and high-silica rhyolite vitroclasts during evacuation and emplacement. This model contrasts with the more systematic withdrawal from a bottle-shaped chamber in which sidewall crystallization creates a marked vertical compositional gradient and a substantial volume of capping-evolved rhyolite magma. Eruption at exceptionally high discharge rates precluded development of an underlying plinian deposit.The generation of the monotonous intermediate Lund magma and others like it in the middle Tertiary of the western USA reflects an unusually high flux of mantle-derived mafic magma into unusually thick and warm crust above a subducting slab of oceanic lithosphere.  相似文献   

强矿震地球物理过程及短临阶段预测的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李铁  蔡美峰  冀林旺  左艳  孙丽娟 《东北地震研究》2004,20(3):39-46

用区域强震震源机制解、现场地应力测量、三维有限差分数值模拟方法分析强矿震的孕震环境；通过定量观察采矿与矿震活动的相关性，分析强矿震的诱发原因；基于中尺度地震实验场高密度数字地震和前兆台网的现场观测，用地震学方法和小波工具分析强矿震孕震过程采集到的数据，提取短临阶段的异常信息；通过强矿震的震源机制解判断震源处的应力释放状态。提出地质构造环境、地应力场和采矿活动共同作用诱发强矿震的机理和次生应力场在孕育该震过程起主导作用的观点．发现震前短临阶段存在可信的b值、η值、频次、波速比等地震学异常和定点潮汐形变前兆异常，时异常信息的提取方法和强矿震短临阶段的预测进行了探讨。  相似文献   

利用重磁资料研究深部构造与金矿成矿关系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

侯惠群  张文路 《铀矿地质》1996,12(6):357-363

本文探讨了在山西省利用区域重磁资料研究深部构造与金矿成矿的关系及成矿环境的有利标志。研究结果表明，山西省的区域重、磁场以北东、北北东向为特点，中太古界为主要磁源层。根据磁场特征．用统计方法可将前寒武纪构造分为若干隆起和断陷，它们对金矿成矿起到了一定控制作用。另外，利用区域重力资料计算了山西省莫霍面深度，结果表明，莫霍面由东南向北西逐渐变深，莫霍面和岩石圈的结构控制了不同类型岩浆岩的展布，为选择金矿成矿有利地区提供了依据。并提出叠加型异常是重要的找矿靶区。  相似文献   

金州朝阳断裂带的活动特点与地震   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

吴明大 《世界地质》1997,16(1):39-42,48

对比研究了金州、朝阳两断裂带的活动特点及分段特征，探讨了断裂带赋存的深部环境与地震孕育，发生的关系。  相似文献   

长江流域河流沉积物宇宙成因核素10Be特征与侵蚀速率估算     

黄湘通  郑洪波  John Chappell  王平 《第四纪研究》2013,33(4)

地球表面每时每刻都在经历各式各样的侵蚀作用,了解侵蚀过程及其速率大小有助于人们认识许多重要的地质作用和过程.本文介绍的内容是长江流域河流沉积物宇宙成因核素10Be的研究工作,目的是在于定量估算长江流域及其子流域的平均侵蚀速率,更好地理解沉积物的由源到汇过程以及评价人类活动对水土流失的影响提供自然背景,分析样品来自于长江主要干流和支流的表层现代沉积.研究表明,长江干流10Be含量从金沙江流域到长江口呈现出由高到低的趋势,不同的是支流10Be含量值偏低而且比较稳定.这很可能受核素产生率和侵蚀速率两个因素的共同影响.在长江上游干流沉积物中10Be含量最高,随着低含量物质的不断从支流汇入,产生“西高东低”的现象.10Be侵蚀速率估算表明长江干流金沙江上游段平均侵蚀速率较低,在44.7～48.1m/Ma之间;长江中游段(枝江至彭泽)长江干流侵蚀速率数据变化较大,在65.7 ～ 175m/Ma的范围内波动;到长江口平均侵蚀速率比较稳定,在50～60m/Ma之间变化.与干流相比,长江支流侵蚀速率显著偏高.侵蚀速率最高的地区在大渡河-岷江流域,平均侵蚀速率在300m/Ma之上;侵蚀速率最低的区域发生在乌江流域,平均的侵蚀速率在10 ～ 30m/Ma之间.比较长江流域10Be和水文估算的侵蚀速率可以看出,水文估算总体上反映的侵蚀速率要普遍高于10Be反映的侵蚀速率.大渡河-岷江流域地表侵蚀速率高主要与构造活动、地貌发育、岩石特征以及气候条件等自然因素有关.嘉陵江、汉江等流域水文数据估算侵蚀速率明显超过10Be估算的结果,可能与地形地貌等地质因素对侵蚀作用的影响显著下降,以及人类长期活动导致水土流失加剧有关.  相似文献   

地下卤水体系中水活度的计算方法评定          下载免费PDF全文

江晓红  陆小华 《盐湖研究》2002,10(1):40-44

在温度 1 2 .1～ 60 .5℃范围内测定了地下卤水体系的饱和蒸汽压 ,并采用Clausius -Clapeyron方程进行关联 ,计算水活度 ;比较强电解质混合体系水活度的理论计算模型 ,探索计算地下卤水体系水活度的最佳方法  相似文献   

南极南设得兰群岛中-新生代火山作用与地质环境          下载免费PDF全文

刘嘉麒  张雯华  郭正府 《极地研究》2002,14(1):1-6

本文对采自南设得兰群岛的乔治王岛、纳尔逊岛、利文斯顿岛、欺骗岛和南极半岛的火山岩和火山灰进行了岩石化学和Sr、Nd同位素分析，Ar-Ar和K－Ar年龄测定。研究表明，南设得兰群岛火山岩属于玄武岩－安山岩－英安岩岩石组合，安们的Sr、Nd同位素比值非常接近，^87Sr/^86Sr比值普遍比较低，为0．703297－0．703507；^143Nd/^144Nd比值普遍比较高，为0．512835－0．513779，二者呈负相关，εNd-^87Sr/^86Sr相关图显示岩浆来源于亏损地幔。火山岩形成时代集中于96Ma、91Ma、78Ma、60Ma和35Ma等时段。35Ma之后，火山活动长时间消沉，直到晚中新世和第四纪才时有发生；这一漫长的历史时期，正是南极大陆冰盖逐渐形成之时。是气候变冷抑制了火山活动？还是火山活动的减弱和停止导致气候变冷？尚待进一步研究；但冷期火山活动减弱或停止，暧期火山活动活跃和增强，这一对应关系是存在的。火山作用的时空分布及岩石地球化学特征暗示，南设得兰群岛处于一个岛弧的地质环境，早期群岛基本上与南极半岛连在一起，在德雷克板块的俯冲下，群岛逐渐与半岛分离，形成布兰斯菲尔德海峡（裂谷），在弧后扩张和裂谷作用下产生新的火山活动。  相似文献   

Hydrothermal activity on the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Tectonically- and volcanically-controlled venting at 4–5°S     

C.R. German  S.A. Bennett  D.P. Connelly  A.J. Evans  B.J. Murton  L.M. Parson  R.D. Prien  E. Ramirez-Llodra  M. Jakuba  T.M. Shank  D.R. Yoerger  E.T. Baker  S.L. Walker  K. Nakamura 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2008,273(3-4):332-344

We report results from an investigation of the geologic processes controlling hydrothermal activity along the previously-unstudied southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (3–7°S). Our study employed the NOC (UK) deep-tow sidescan sonar instrument, TOBI, in concert with the WHOI (USA) autonomous underwater vehicle, ABE, to collect information concerning hydrothermal plume distributions in the water column co-registered with geologic investigations of the underlying seafloor. Two areas of high-temperature hydrothermal venting were identified. The first was situated in a non-transform discontinuity (NTD) between two adjacent second-order ridge-segments near 4°02′S, distant from any neovolcanic activity. This geologic setting is very similar to that of the ultramafic-hosted and tectonically-controlled Rainbow vent-site on the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The second site was located at 4°48′S at the axial-summit centre of a second-order ridge-segment. There, high-temperature venting is hosted in an  18 km² area of young lava flows which in some cases are observed to have flowed over and engulfed pre-existing chemosynthetic vent-fauna. In both appearance and extent, these lava flows are directly reminiscent of those emplaced in Winter 2005−06 at the East Pacific Rise, 9°50′N and reference to global seismic catalogues reveals that a swarm of large (M 4.6−5.6) seismic events was centred on the 5°S segment over a  24 h period in late June 2002, perhaps indicating the precise timing of this volcanic eruptive episode. Temperature measurements at one of the vents found directly adjacent to the fresh lava flows at 5°S MAR (Turtle Pits) have subsequently revealed vent-fluids that are actively phase separating under conditions very close to the Critical Point for seawater, at  3000 m depth and 407 °C: the hottest vent-fluids yet reported from anywhere along the global ridge crest.  相似文献   

甘肃兰州-天水-武都地区重力场及其时空动态演化特征     

徐云马  祝意青  梁伟锋  程宏宾  刘练 《地震研究》2008,31(1):64-69

系统分析了甘肃南部兰州一天水一武都地区2000～2006年期间的流动重力测量资料,研究了该地区重力场的时空动态演化特征.结果表明:重力场,变化与该区活动断裂构造密切相关;重力场有规律的变化与区域应力-应变场的微动态活动有关;相邻两期重力的动态变化对测区内发生的2003年11月岷县5.2级、2004年9月岷县5.0级地震及测区近邻2006年6月武都、文县间5.0级地震均有较好反映.  相似文献