中国地区电离层TEC暴扰动研究   总被引：12，自引：2，他引：10       下载免费PDF全文

邓忠新  刘瑞源  甄卫民  刘钝  武业文 《地球物理学报》2012,55(7):2177-2184

电离层总电子含量(TEC)是空间天气研究和监测预报的重要参量.本文引入了电离层TEC扰动指数DI, 对青岛等6个台站的DI数据进行分析,选取DI>0.35(DI≤-0.30)作为正(负)相电离层TEC扰动的强度标准,并以连续6 h及以上的DI满足该值来判定电离层TEC暴扰动事件.对电离层TEC暴扰动事件的统计分析表明,在地方时日落后至子夜前为发生高峰时段,正(负)相暴扰动事件平均持续时间约为10.9 h(10.5 h),正相暴发生率以冬季为多,夏季为少,而负相暴则以夏季略高.发现位于赤道异常驼峰区的广州站和位于高中纬度的海拉尔站比典型中纬地区的北京站电离层TEC暴扰动更易发生,且低纬地区以正相暴扰动为主.分析表明,约有70%的电离层TEC暴扰动伴随着有地磁扰动,但是电离层TEC暴扰动并不完全由地磁扰动所引起,强烈气象活动等局地环境因素也可能对电离层TEC暴扰动有着重要影响.  相似文献   

Urban stormwater quality II. Comparision of three New Zealand catchments     

R. B. Williamson 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):315-328

The variability in water quality of urban runoff was assessed by comparing the concentration distributions and variations of various parameters over storm events in three catchments. The parameters chosen assessed nutrient, total oxygen demand, sediment, and toxic metal levels. Two catchments were located in Wairau Valley, Takapuna, Auckland. The smaller (1.49 km²), with residential/commercial landuse, formed part of the larger (11 km²) with predominantly residential/industrial/developing land. The third was a 1.14 km² residential catchment in Hillcrest, Hamilton. The greatest dissimilarity occurred between the Hillcrest and the two Auckland catchments. Concentrations of suspended solids, total phosphorus, dissolved reactive phosphorus, Cr, Ni, and Zn were significantly higher in the Auckland catchments, whereas chemical oxygen demand, organic nitrogen, Pb, and volatile suspended solids were not significantly different from Hillcrest. NH₄ ⁺ levels were higher in Hillcrest. Storm flows diluted NO₃ ^‐ concentrations in Hillcrest but increased NO₃ ^‐ concentrations in the Auckland catchments, resulting in comparable levels in all three catchments. It is proposed that most of the differences are attributable to higher specific flows and subsoil erosion in the Auckland catchments coupled with dissimilarities in soil concentrations and characteristics. The differences in the variation of NO₃ ^‐ concentrations were probably because of septic tank seepage in the Hillcrest catchment. The largest catchment differed from the two smaller catchments in having higher Cu and slightly lower TN and NO₃ ^‐ levels. All three catchments showed some similarities: Pb, Zn, and probably Cu and Cd were clearly enriched in the suspended sediment over background soil levels, and P, organic matter (COD, ON, VSS), Cr, and Ni were not enriched. It was concluded that geographical differences were more important in determining stormwater quality than urban infrastructure.  相似文献   

Temporal and spatial response of hyporheic zone geochemistry to a storm event   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Margaret A. Zimmer  Laura K. Lautz 《水文研究》2014,28(4):2324-2337

Although there has been recent focus on understanding spatial variability in hyporheic zone geochemistry across different morphological units under baseflow conditions, less attention has been paid to temporal responses of hyporheic zone geochemistry to non‐steady‐state conditions. We documented spatial and temporal variability of hyporheic zone geochemistry in response to a large‐scale storm event, Tropical Storm Irene (August 2011), across a pool–riffle–pool sequence along Chittenango Creek in Chittenango, NY, USA. We sampled stream water as well as pore water at 15 cm depth in the streambed at 14 locations across a 30 m reach. Sampling occurred seven times at daily intervals: once during baseflow conditions, once during the rising limb of the storm hydrograph, and five times during the receding limb. Principal component analysis was used to interpret temporal and spatial changes and dominant drivers in stream and pore water geochemistry (n = 111). Results show the majority of spatial variance in hyporheic geochemistry (62%) is driven by differential mixing of stream and ground water in the hyporheic zone. The second largest driver (17%) of hyporheic geochemistry was temporal dilution and enrichment of infiltrating stream water during the storm. Hyporheic sites minimally influenced by discharging groundwater (‘connected’ sites) showed temporal changes in water chemistry in response to the storm event. Connected sites within and upstream of the riffle reflected stream geochemistry throughout the storm, whereas downstream sites showed temporally lagged responses in some conservative and biogeochemically reactive solutes. This suggests temporal changes in hyporheic geochemistry at these locations reflect a combination of changes in infiltrating stream chemistry and hyporheic flowpath length and residence time. The portion of the study area strongly influenced by groundwater discharge increased in size throughout the storm, producing elevated Ca²⁺ and concentrations in the streambed, suggesting zones of localized groundwater inputs expand in response to storms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

沙尘对兰州市大气环境质量的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

郭勇涛  辛金元  李旭  王式功  李江萍 《中国沙漠》2015,35(4):977-982

利用1951-2010年甘肃省气象局地面观测站沙尘气象资料和2006-2010年兰州环保局PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂质量浓度资料,分析了兰州市沙尘天气时间变化特征及其对SO₂、NO₂、PM₁₀等大气污染物浓度的影响。结果表明:近60年来兰州市沙尘天气总体上呈现振荡性减少的趋势,沙尘暴、扬沙和浮尘年变化倾向率分别为-0.15 d、-0.72 d和-0.97 d,这与上游沙尘源区沙尘天气振荡性减少有关。沙尘对兰州地区SO₂和NO₂质量浓度影响不大,对PM_2.5质量浓度和PM_1.0数浓度的变化有一定的贡献,但对PM₁₀质量浓度影响非常大,沙尘对春季PM₁₀质量浓度的贡献率在18.4%～43.1%。对2007年5月10日一次强沙尘天气过程研究发现,随着沙尘天气的侵入,兰州市不同粒径气溶胶的浓度陡然上升,然后达到较高的浓度水平,之后由于沙尘天气的减弱、消退或离境,不同粒径气溶胶浓度也逐渐降低并缓慢恢复到正常水平。  相似文献   

基于模式分析一次沙尘暴过程中沙尘表面非均相化学过程对中国地区污染物浓度的影响     

唐颖潇  邱雨露  朱佳  陈磊  廖宏 《气候与环境研究》2018,23(4):413-428

利用戈达德对地观测系统（GEOS）提供的再分析气象场GEOS-5驱动的GEOS-Chem模式,模拟中国地区2009年4月22~29日沙尘暴期间沙尘气溶胶表面非均相化学过程对我国污染物的影响。模拟结果表明,沙尘暴期间,全国平均沙尘硝酸盐和沙尘硫酸盐浓度分别为0.2 μg m-3和0.4 μg m-3,占总硝酸盐（非沙尘硝酸盐与沙尘硝酸盐之和）和总硫酸盐（非沙尘硫酸盐与沙尘硫酸盐之和）的24%和10%。我国西部地区沙尘硝酸盐占比（ > 80%）要大于其他地区,而西部地区的沙尘硫酸盐占比则要小于下游地区。考虑非均相化学反应后,沙尘暴期间,全国平均的二氧化硫（SO₂）、硝酸（HNO₃）、臭氧（O₃）、非沙尘硫酸盐、总硫酸盐、非沙尘硝酸盐、总硝酸盐、NH₃、总铵盐浓度变化量分别为-7%、-15%、-2%、-8%、3%、-2%、14%、21%、-5%。  相似文献   

呼伦贝尔市大（暴）雪气候特征及类型分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

王洪丽  杨春荣  邵志明  郑洪玉  乌尼尔  修俊梅 《内蒙古气象》2010,(5):13-14,39

对呼伦贝尔市16个台站1970—2009年大（暴）雪日进行了统计分析得出：大（暴）雪日地域分布不均匀性,林区多于农区,农区又多于牧区;年代际特征是上世纪70年代与80年代日数相当,且日数较多,到了90年代日数大幅减少,进入本世纪初,大（暴）雪日又呈增多态势;春季3、4月份大（暴）雪日数多、秋季或初冬次之、隆冬反而少的分布特征。呼伦贝尔市大（暴）雪天气有两种主要天气类型。  相似文献   

Synchronization of Radar Observations with Multi-Scale Storm Tracking     

YANG Hongping  Jian ZHANG  Carrie LANGSTON 《大气科学进展》2009,26(1):78-86

The 3-D radar reflectivity data has become increasingly important for use in data assimilation towards convective scale numerical weather prediction as well as next generation precipitation estimation. Typically, reflectivity data from multiple radars are objectively analyzed and mosaiced onto a regional 3-D Cartesian grid prior to being assimilated into the models. One of the scientific issues associated with the mosaic of multi-radar observations is the synchronization of all the observations. Since radar data is usually rapidly updated (～every 5--10 min), it is common in current multi-radar mosaic techniques to combine multiple radar' observations within a time window by assuming that the storms are steady within the window. The assumption holds well for slow evolving precipitation systems, but for fast evolving convective storms, this assumption may be violated and the mosaic of radar observations at different times may result in inaccurate storm structure depictions. This study investigates the impact of synchronization on storm structures in multiple radar data analyses using a multi-scale storm tracking algorithm.  相似文献   

2007年7月8日特大暴雨过程的中尺度特征   总被引：15，自引：2，他引：13  

郑媛媛  张小玲  朱红芳  叶金印  方翔  张娇  张雪晨  袁松  施帅红 《气象》2009,35(2):3-7

利用雷达、卫星、闪电定位仪及NCEP资料分析了2007年7月8日在安徽沿淮西部出现的特大暴雨过程的中尺度特征.分析结果表明:造成特大暴雨的强对流回波带与近地面层925hPa辐合区位置一致,而且回波单体移向与回波带走向一致,另外发现该中尺度对流雨团(rainstor ms)属于后向传播,其传播方向和单体的移动方向相反,使得强回波在特定区域保持相对静止,造成特大暴雨;逐时降水极值基本出现在对流发展旺盛和对流回波发生合并时.另外通过分析单多普勒雷达反演二维风场发现,中低层气旋性切变的维持是强降水形成和维持的重要条件.  相似文献   

一次雷暴冷出流中新生强脉冲风暴的分析   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

陶岚  戴建华  陈雷  王强  顾宇丹 《气象》2009,35(3):29-35

利用常规天气资料、多普勒天气雷达产品、SAFIR3000总闪电定位资料、加密探空资料和自动气象站资料,对2007年8月3日造成上海嘉定F1国际赛车场6号弯D2-D5号4个临时看台被吹翻的一次强对流天气过程进行了分析.结果表明:坡度较大的低压槽、较高的对流不稳定能量和较弱的垂直风切变条件下,地面风场辐合、海陆风锋和雷暴冷出流等的相互作用,导致了上海地区出现了多个强局地脉冲雷暴;F1国际赛车场致灾脉冲雷暴发生在前期雷暴的冷出流中,冷出流锋区与原边界层辐合线的碰撞是其触发的动力机制,较高的不稳定能量、充足的水汽和中低空的辐合上升导致该风暴强烈发展,造成了F1赛车场出现了13级大风和短时强降水;雷暴过程的总闪电活动分析表明:闪电活动的突然增强预示了该雷暴的爆发并开始进入减弱阶段.  相似文献   

孟加拉湾风暴时空分布和活动规律统计特征   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

段旭  陶云  寸灿琼  郭世昌  吕林宜 《高原气象》2009,28(3):634-641

利用1945-2006年JTWC公布的孟加拉湾风暴资料,对其进行统计分析.结果表明:孟加拉湾热带气旋(下称孟湾TC)生成个数年平均约为8.12个,全年均有发生,其中2～3月最少,之后开始增加,10月达到峰值;与孟湾TC不同,孟加拉湾热带风暴(下称孟湾TS)呈双峰型分布,峰值为5月和9～10月.从孟湾TS的强度上看,达到H4标准的超级强风暴1971-1986年仅出现1次,而1987-2006年则出现了8次.孟湾TS生成位置、平均维持时间和最长维持时间的月际变化均呈双峰型分布,4～5月和10～11月为峰值.孟湾TS的生成位置10～11月峰值大于4～5月,而平均维持时间和最长维持时间则是4～5月峰值大于10～11月.孟湾TC登陆方向大部分为西北或偏西路径,占56.7%.孟湾TS登陆方向与TC有一些不同,主要差异是西北路径和未登陆次数减少,偏西和东北路径增加.由于4～5月是孟湾TS东北路径登陆的一个峰值,因此,与云南雨季开始期关系密切,对云南初夏降水影响很大.  相似文献