Thermodynamics and Microphysical Characteristics of an Extreme Rainfall Event Under the Influence of a Low-level Jet over the South China Coast     

徐碧裕  黎慧琦  叶朗明  刘显通  饶晓娜  肖辉  徐加民  林青蒲义良  黄青兰 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2023,29(2):216-235

In this paper, the data of Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs), ERA5 reanalysis, sounding, wind profile radar, and dual-polarization radar are used to study an extreme rainfall event in the south China Coast on 11 to 12 May 2022 from the aspects of thermodynamics and microphysical characteristics under the influence of low-level jets (LLJs). Results show that: (1) The extreme rainfall event can be divided into two stages: the first stage (S1) from 0000 to 0600 LST on May 12 and the second stage (S2) from 0700 to 1700 LST on the same day. During S1, the rainfall is mainly caused by the upper-level shortwave trough and the boundary layer jet (BLJ), characterized by strong upward motion on the windward side of mountains. In S2, the combined influence of the BLJ and synoptic-system-related low-level jet (SLLJ) increases the vertical wind shear and vertical vorticity, strengthening the rainstorm. In combination with the effect of topography, a warm and humid southwest flow continuously transports water vapor to farther north, resulting in a significant increase in rainfall over the study area (on the terrain’s windward slope). From S1 to S2, the altitude of a divergence center in the upper air decreases obviously. (2) The rainfalls in the two stages are both associated with the mesoscale convergence line (MCL) on the surface, and the wind field from the mesoscale outflow boundary (MOB) in S1 is in the same direction as the environmental winds. Due to a small area of convergence that is left behind the MOB, convection moves eastward quickly and causes a short duration of heavy rainfall. In S2, the convergence along the MOB is enhanced, which strengthens the rainfall and leads to strong outflows, further enhancing the surface convergence near the MOB and forming a positive feedback mechanism. It results in a slow motion of convection and a long duration of heavy rainfall. (3) In terms of microphysics, the center of a strong echo in S1 is higher than in S2. The warm-rain process of the oceanic type characterizes both stages, but the convective intensity in S2 is significantly stronger than that in S1, featuring bigger drop sizes and lower concentrations. It is mainly due to the strengthening of LLJs, which makes small cloud droplets lift to melting levels, enhancing the ice phase process (riming process), producing large amounts of graupel particles and enhancing the melting and collision processes as they fall, resulting in the increase of liquid water content (LWC) and the formation of large raindrops near the surface.  相似文献   

不同区域海温对亚洲夏季副热带西风急流变异主模态的影响   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

李笛  陈海山 《气象科学》2017,37(4):425-435

利用1979—2014年ERA Interim再分析资料和NCAR CAM5.1大气环流模式,围绕海温对夏季亚洲急流变异主模态的影响展开研究。首先通过理论分析和动力诊断方法,对急流主模态的物理特征进行分析,并证实了海温与急流变异的显著联系。随后基于观测结果设计数值试验方案,探究不同区域海温对急流演变的具体贡献。结果表明,急流第一模态与太平洋及印度洋异常海温紧密联系,在二者相似的贡献下,高层异常风场表现为沿急流轴线南北偏移的纬向对称分布;急流第二模态的上、下游风场则受到不同海表热源影响,在印度洋、太平洋及北大西洋异常海温的协同作用下,亚洲上空形成了四极型纬向非对称的风场分布。该结果有利于更加综合地认识亚洲夏季副热带急流的变异特征,也为研究海温对急流的影响效应提供了新的依据。  相似文献   

海南岛不同强弱秋汛期暴雨的环流形势和动力特征分析     

冯文  吴俞  赵付竹  周玲丽 《气象科学》2017,37(6):784-796

基于天气学诊断分析方法,对2000年10月11—14日、2010年10月1—8日和2003年10月4—5日、2005年10月10-11日4次不同降水强度的秋汛期暴雨过程进行了对比分析,研究结果表明:不同强度秋汛期暴雨过程的降水分布和高低层天气系统配置具有相似性,导致秋汛期暴雨出现强度差别的主要原因是天气系统强度、位置的差异。秋汛期暴雨强个例中,南亚高压中心位于海南岛上空,辐散强度是弱个例的2~3倍,南海热带低值系统相对更强,位置偏北,副高偏弱主体退缩至海上。南海中北部出现偏东风低空急流是秋汛期暴雨过程中最显著的环流特征。在不同强度的降水个例中,急流的分布形态、强度存在明显差别。强个例中低空急流的急流核强度、长度、厚度,以及急流核上方的风速梯度均远大于弱个例,且水平风随高度顺时针旋转现象十分显著,出现强的暖平流。此外,最强降水日中强个例的低空急流核位于海南岛东部近海上空,在水平方向上稳定少动,垂直方向和风速上则脉动剧烈。弱个例的急流核在水平方向上东西振荡明显,在垂直高度和风速上变化很小。秋汛期暴雨强个例的水汽主要由偏南风、偏东风和东北风3支气流输送而来,既有经向输送也有纬向输送,弱个例的水汽以经向输送为主,多为偏东气流所致。  相似文献   

4次大暴雨过程雷达径向速度和超低空西南急流特征分析          下载免费PDF全文

刁秀广  侯淑梅 《山东气象》2017,37(3):46-53

利用多普勒天气雷达VWP资料,结合探空资料和降水实况,对4次大暴雨降水过程雷达径向速度和超低空西南急流特征进行了分析。4次强降水过程有3次属于低槽冷锋类,1次属于切变线类,K值较大,850 hPa与500 hPa温差较小,较弱的垂直风切变,中低层具有充沛水汽。低层具有相似的流场结构,径向速度上零速度线表现为“S”型,即暖平流结构。上游超低空风速≥10 m〖DK〗·s-1,上下游雷达之间出现≥5 m〖DK〗·s-1的风速差之后,两部雷达之间出现小时雨量30 mm以上的强降水;上游超低空急流达到12 m〖DK〗·s-1以上,并且上下游超低空风速差超过15 m〖DK〗·s-1,降水强度进一步加强并维持。超低空急流的建立与维持,同时上下游雷达之间的超低空强辐合,为降水风暴的发展与维持提供了能量、水汽与动力条件,对强降水的形成与持续具有重要作用。  相似文献   

FGOALS模式对梅雨期东亚副热带西风急流变化特征的模拟   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杜银  包庆  谢志清 《大气科学》2017,41(3):603-617

中国科学院大气物理研究所参与CMIP5项目的海—陆—气耦合气候系统模式（FGOALS）,能较好地模拟东亚副热带西风急流时空变化特征。FGOALS模式输出的1960~2005年风场再现了梅雨期东亚副热带西风急流气候态的三维结构,模拟出以120°E为界的急流海陆分布型,与NCEP/NCAR再分析资料风场空间分布一致,但FGOALS模式模拟的急流中心强度偏弱、位置偏北偏西。FGOALS模式也模拟出了ENSO年际演变过程中的海陆空间分布型,但对ENSO背景下西风急流强度、位置和形态演变过程的模拟与NCEP/NCAR再分析资料存在较大差异。基于热成风原理、地转风关系和波活动通量等研究了模式模拟急流位置和强度偏差产生的可能原因:FGOALS模式模拟的青藏高原加热效应偏弱、低纬度对流活动偏弱,导致对流层中上层上升运动偏弱和潜热加热减弱,使得中低纬度对流层中上层温度出现冷偏差、南亚高压偏弱,温度经向梯度和南亚高压北侧气压梯度力偏弱以及大气内部动力作用偏弱,从而造成急流中心强度和位置出现偏差。梅雨期西风急流空间分布型与长江中下游强降水落区有着密切联系,FGOALS模式模拟的西风急流中心强度偏弱和位置偏北偏西,模式输出的长江中下游地区降水量与观测值相比偏少。此外,FGOALS模式对ENSO背景下大气环流异常的模拟有待改善。  相似文献   

青藏高原南、北积雪异常与中国东部夏季降水关系的数值试验研究   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  

杨凯  胡田田  王澄海 《大气科学》2017,41(2):345-356

青藏高原冬、春积雪有着显著的南、北空间差异,本文利用通用地球系统模式（CESM）设计了增加高原南、北冬、春积雪的敏感性试验,结果表明:当高原南部冬、春积雪异常偏多,长江及其以北地区夏季降水偏多,华南大部分地区夏季降水偏少;而当高原北部冬、春积雪异常偏多,华北及东北地区夏季降水偏多,长江下游南部地区夏季降水偏少,雨带更偏北。青藏高原南、北部冬、春积雪异常影响中国东部夏季降水的物理机制的分析结果表明,高原不同区域（南部和北部）冬、春积雪异常引起的非绝热加热异常效应都可持续到夏季,且北部积雪异常持续时间更长。高原南部和北部积雪异常偏多均会减弱高原北侧上空大气的水平温度梯度,进而减弱高原北侧西风急流的位置及强度,进而影响下游出口区处急流的强度和位置,且高原北部积雪异常偏多的影响更大。当高原南部积雪异常偏多,急流出口区的西风急流加强且偏南;而高原北部积雪异常偏多,出口区的西风急流减弱且偏北。相应地,对流层中层500 hPa西太平洋副热带高压减弱,低层850 hPa异常反气旋环流,影响中国东部地区水汽输送,从而影响了中国东部地区夏季雨带的变化。当高原南部积雪异常偏多,异常反气旋性环流位于东海附近,有利于更多水汽输送至长江流域,华南水汽输送减少;当高原北部积雪异常偏多,异常反气旋性环流相对偏北,更有利于华北及东北水汽输送,雨带偏北。  相似文献   

Robust sliding mode control of a mini unmanned underwater vehicle equipped with a new arrangement of water jet propulsions: Simulation and experimental study     

《Applied Ocean Research》2016

This paper presents dynamical modeling and robust control of a Mini Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (MUUV) equipped with a new arrangement of water jet propulsion. The water jet propulsion includes some advantages comparing with a propeller one, such as, reducing the number of required motors, desired number and arrangement of the propulsions, removing adverse torque and cavitation due to propeller rotation and etc. In order to model the proposed MUUV, the gray box method is used in such a way that the dynamical equation of motion is derived analytically by Euler-Lagrangian method, and then the hydrodynamic coefficients (such as added mass and drag coefficients) are derived by performing some tests in a Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) software. The dynamical model is used to simulate the MUUV system and also to design the proposed controllers, which are Feedback Linearization Controller (FLC) and Sliding Mode Controller (SMC). In order to investigate and compare the performance of the MUUV and the applied controllers, three types of tests including a desired signal tracking case and two desired path tracking cases are designed. To do so, a method is presented to obtain the desired signals from a desired path under predetermined conditions. Then, an MUUV prototype is designed and constructed in order to investigate the performance of the proposed water jet propulsions and controllers for regulation and tracking desired signal purpose, experimentally. As it is expected, the simulation and experimental results show better performance of the SMC compared to FLC. Furthermore, the experimental results reveal that the water jet propulsion is implementable to practical prototypes and also can be produced in an industrial level.  相似文献   

广东省开汛期一次连续强对流过程动力热力条件分析     

王晓芳  程正泉  伍志方  郭春迓 《气象科技》2016,44(2):305-312

2014年3月底广东省开汛期间,出现了大范围的多灾种连续强对流天气。利用区域加密地面自动站资料、风廓线雷达资料、常规观测和NCEP再分析资料,分析了此次连续强对流发生期间大尺度环流背景条件和动力热力条件,重点讨论了大气层结不稳定维持的原因。动力分析发现,强对流天气出现在低空急流的中尺度大风速中心前方强烈的辐合区和上升气流中,垂直风切变在强对流天气发生前迅速增大,具有一定的预报指示意义。中尺度低压和地面辐合线在对流落区预报中具有较好的指示性;热力分析和热流量方程诊断表明,低空西南急流由北部湾附近暖区沿温度梯度方向不断向广东输送强暖平流,使得不稳定能量得到补充,是导致广东大气层结不稳定维持的根本原因;对于广东开汛期间的强对流天气,业务预报中需要特别关注低空急流的演变及其与温度场的配置。  相似文献   

Controls on the Northward Movement of the ITCZ over the South China Sea in Autumn: A Heavy Rain Case Study     

Fei WANG  Lifang SHENG  Xiadong AN  Qian LIU  Haixia ZHOU  Yingying ZHANG  Jianping LI 《大气科学进展》2021,38(10):1651-1664

The autumn Intertropical Convergence Zone(ITCZ) over the South China Sea(SCS) is typically held south of 10°N by prevailing northeasterly and weakening southwesterly winds. However, the ITCZ can move north, resulting in heavy rainfall in the northern SCS(NSCS). We investigate the mechanisms that drove the northward movement of the ITCZ and led to heavy non-tropical-cyclone rainfall over the NSCS in autumn of 2010. The results show that the rapid northward movement of the ITCZ on 1 and 2 October was caused by the joint influence of the equatorial easterlies(EE), southwesterly winds, and the easterly jet(EJ) in the NSCS. A high pressure center on the east side of Australia, strengthened by the quasibiweekly oscillation and strong Walker circulation, was responsible for the EE to intensify and reach the SCS. The EE finally turned southeast and together with enhanced southwesterly winds associated with an anticyclone, pushed the ITCZ north. Meanwhile, the continental high moved east, which reduced the area of the EJ in the NSCS and made room for the ITCZ. Further regression analysis showed that the reduced area of the EJ and increased strength of the EE contributed significantly to the northward movement of the ITCZ. The enhancement of the EE preceded the northward movement of the ITCZ by six hours and pushed the ITCZ continually north. As the ITCZ approached 12°N, it not only transported warm moist air but also strengthened the dynamic field by transporting the positive vorticity horizontally and vertically which further contributed to the heavy rainfall.  相似文献   

半合管钻探工艺在滇东南建水普雄稀土矿床勘查中的应用          下载免费PDF全文

张子军  倪光清  瞿亮  严城民  伍荣林  周炳朝  王长兵 《探矿工程》2021,48(10):62-69

滇东南建水普雄稀土矿是一个超大型风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿床,矿体赋存于长岭岗碱性岩体的全风化层和半风化层中。不同于花岗岩风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿,该矿品位高,厚度大,用一般的浅井和赣南钻等取样工程无法揭穿稀土矿体。本文介绍了建水普雄矿区用半合管钻探工艺和浅井工程在相邻位置的施工情况。根据相同的取样层位和样品长度,对比了矿体的品位变化情况,利用品位的相对误差和正负偏差进行了统计,结果表明,单一对应样品品位相对误差合格率为100%;品位<0.07%的正偏差样品占样品总数的78.57%,负偏差样品占样品总数的21.43%;品位≥0.07%的正偏差样品占样品总数的52.17%,负偏差样品占样品总数的47.83%,正负偏差在可控范围内;单工程平均品位相对误差合格率为100%。说明半合管钻探工艺能够有效地应用于风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿勘查,实现资源评价。  相似文献