Variability of NO₂ in different environments at a moderately polluted island over the southwestern Indian Ocean     

Chatrapatty Bhugwant  Jean-Luc Hoareau 《Atmospheric Research》2003,66(4):241-259

This work presents the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) measured with the help of passive diffusion tubes in different environments: rural, sub-urban, urban, at La Réunion Island in December 1997 and November 2000 (austral spring), respectively. NO₂ concentration exhibits notable enhancement from 1997 to 2000. For instance, its mean concentration was 16 and 20 μg/m³ in December 1997 and November 2000, respectively, at La Réunion Island, especially in inhabited regions due to increase of local anthropogenic activities, mainly traffic circulation, in the absence of house heating and biomass burning. We also observe a net increase of pollutant levels by a factor two in rural/remote areas within 3 years, which is tied to the extension of inhabited areas and air-flows from enhanced local sources. The increase of atmospheric pollutants is mainly due to enhancement of anthropogenic activities (traffic) since the 1990s at La Réunion Island, which results from a constant increase of population and consequently, from a higher number of vehicles in circulation. Importantly, in cities like Saint-Denis, where traffic network has been subject to notable improvement (e.g. single to double lanes, etc.), pollutant levels exhibit little variability as in temperate continental latitudes. Semi-continuous NO₂ concentration measured in parallel with ozone in November 2000 also showed that daytime photochemical ozone production is influenced by pollutant and precursor (NO₂) levels at Saint-Denis, while nighttime ozone increase is mainly tied to dynamical processes. The November 2000 ozone diurnal pattern is notably different from that observed in September 1995, during which a daytime ozone loss was observed, pointing out that atmospheric conditions have been subject to notable changes, i.e., clean to moderately polluted, within a few years at La Réunion Island. The results presented here point out that the ‘source enhancement effect’ is superimposed on dynamical and photochemical processes to influence pollutants variability and hence atmospheric chemistry, in a quite ‘pristine’ tropical oceanic region.  相似文献   

MODELING THE EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC SULFATE IN CLIMATE CHANGE BY USING A REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3  

高学杰  林一骅  赵宗慈 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2003,9(2):173-180

1 INTRODUCTION Being an important composition of the atmosphere, aerosol attracts increasing attention from the scientific community in recent years, together with the radiative forcing it causes and effects it imposes on the climate system. The anthropogenic aerosol affects the climate both directly and indirectly. The climate is directly affected when solar shortwave radiation is scattered and absorbed in what is known as the 搖mbrella effect? which can be dated back to as early as mor…  相似文献   

Comparison of the Langrangian Footprint     

N. Kljun  R. Kormann  M. W. Rotach  F. X. Meixer 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2003,106(2):349-355

We compare flux and concentration footprint estimates of athree-dimensional Lagrangian stochastic dispersion modelapplying backward trajectories with the results of ananalytical footprint model by Kormann and Meixner.The comparison is performed for varying stability regimesof the surface layer as well as for different measurementheights. In general, excellent correspondence is found.  相似文献   

我国9大气候区降水特性及其物理成因的研究Ⅰ——基本特性分析   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  

苗娟  林振山 《热带气象学报》2003,19(4):377-388

首先利用旱涝Z指数对全国9大气候区的旱涝进行了评定，并给出我国9大气候区旱涝Z指数的分布图。分析结果表明，1950年代我国除新疆地区处于偏早期外，其它几个区都处于多雨量期，1960年代由多雨向少雨转变的时期，1970年代——1980年代中期我国大部分地区处于雨量偏少期；1990年之后我国各个区的雨量都有所增加。此外，还应用Morlet小波变化对我国9大气候区降水的旱涝周期变化、旱涝分型及变化趋势进行了分析。研究结果表明：在16年、32年层次变化上，各气候区在不同时间段上，8年层次上降水的变化出现了一定的规律：东北、华北在1980年之后存在1年位相差；而长江中下游、江南及华南三者之间在1951～1970年时段上依次有着2年的位相差；长江中下游、内蒙及新疆之间依次存在着3年位相差。  相似文献   

2002年我国天气气候特点   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

陆均天 《气象》2003,29(4):32-36

2002年我国主要天气气候特点为：全国降水量偏多，但时空分布不均，北方地区早春和伏秋少雨，受旱范围广，华南沿海地区别冬春夏初少雨连旱；汛期内无大范围或持续的强降水过程发生，但长江中下游一带春汛明显，北方雨季偏早，南方部分地区暴雨洪涝及局地山洪、泥石流、滑坡等灾害较重。全国大部地区气温偏高，但起伏变化较大。沙尘天气时段集中，影响范围广，强度偏强。登陆我国的台风(包括热带风暴)个数接近常年；冰雹、龙卷风等强对流天气偏多。  相似文献   

陇东黄土高原春末夏初旱的气候特征及预测模型   总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9       下载免费PDF全文

王位泰 《气象》2003,29(9):34-36

应用自然正交函数分解(EOF)方法，分析了甘肃省庆阳地区春末夏初干旱的综合评价指数DH的空间分布特征及随时间演变规律；分析了春末夏初干旱对冬小麦和玉米产量的影响；应用逐步回归方法建立了春末夏初干旱的预测模型，业务使用效果良好。  相似文献   

用TRMM/TMI估算HUBEX试验区的云中液态水   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4  

姚展予  李万彪  朱元竞  赵柏林 《气象学报》2003,61(1):116-121

文中应用热带降雨测量卫星微波成像仪的微波遥感资料反演云中液态水。由于微波成像仪85.5 GHz通道对云中液态水非常敏感,通过离散纵坐标矢量辐射传输模式,运用迭代的方法可以有效地反演出陆地上空非降水云中的液态水路径。在淮河流域能量与水分循环试验中,分别运用微波成像仪85.5 GHz垂直极化单通道和微波成像仪85.5 GHz极化亮温差两种方法来估算陆地上空的云中液态水路径,反演结果与地基微波辐射计的测量结果是较为一致的。当地表比辐射率或地表温度误差较大时,用极化亮温差法估算云中液态水路径相对较好,尤其是对于低云,因为该方法对地表温度不敏感。  相似文献   

空间目标的聚合模型   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

李霖 《测绘学报》1997,26(4):337-343

本文定义了集合元素的聚合算子，简述其特性，以此聚合算子为基础，提出了空间目标的聚合模型。根据ＧＩＳ空间目标的属性，分析了聚合算子的表现形式。由此模型的特点可以得出：聚合模型适合于ＧＩＳ层次数据的组织，它能减少数据的冗余和维护数据的一致性。经概念及含义的比较，指出了面向对象的模型方法很适合此聚合模型的实施。  相似文献   

小清河滞洪区洪灾监测信息系统的研究与建立   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

陈曦川 《国土资源遥感》1997,8(3):40-45

应用机载合成孔径雷达监测洪水势态,离不开洪灾监测信息系统的支持,两者有机的结合,能充分发挥遥感和地理信息系统在防洪减灾应用中的优越性。本文以小清河滞洪区为实验区,从系统目标、数据层及其来源、数据编码、分析模型等几个方面,介绍了该区洪灾监测信息系统的建立情况。  相似文献   

模型误差对平差结果及其参数估计性质的影响分析     

丁士俊 《四川测绘》1997,(1)

本文从模型误差的理论出发，讨论了模型误差对平差结果及其参数估计性质的影响，提出了当存在模型误差时，采用均方差对平差模型及其结果进行估价更为合理．  相似文献