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41.
Identifying individual rain events from pluviograph records: a review with analysis of data from an Australian dryland site 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
David Dunkerley 《水文研究》2008,22(26):5024-5036
Rainfall is routinely reported as falling in ‘events’ or ‘storms’ whose beginning and end are defined by rainless intervals of a nominated duration (minimum inter‐event time, MIT). Rain events commonly exhibit fluctuations in rain rate as well as periods when rain ceases altogether. Event characteristics such as depth, mean rain rate, and the surface runoff volume generated, are defined in relation to the length of the rain event. These derived properties are dependent upon the value of MIT adopted to define the event, and the literature reveals a wide range of MIT criteria. Surprisingly little attention has been paid to this dependency, which limits the inter‐comparison of results in published work. The diversity in criteria also diminishes the usefulness of historical data on event durations, rain rates, etc., in attempts to document changes in the rainfall climate. This paper reviews the range of approaches used in the recognition of rain events, and a 5 year pluviograph record from an arid location is analysed. Changing MIT from 15 min to 24 h (lying within the range of published criteria) alters the number of rain events from 550 to 118. The mean rain rate declines from 2·04 mm h?1 to 0·94 mm h?1, and the geometric mean event duration rises from 0·66 h to 3·98 h. This wide variation in the properties of rain events indicates that more attention needs to be paid to the selection and reporting of event criteria in studies that adopt event‐based data analysis. The selection of a MIT criterion is shown to involve a compromise between the independence of widely‐spaced events and their increasingly variable intra‐event characteristics. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
42.
Sean K. Carey Doerthe Tetzlaff Jan Seibert Chris Soulsby Jim Buttle Hjalmar Laudon Jeff McDonnell Kevin McGuire Daniel Caissie Jamie Shanley Mike Kennedy Kevin Devito John W. Pomeroy 《水文研究》2010,24(24):3591-3602
The higher mid‐latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere are particularly sensitive to climate change as small differences in temperature determine frozen ground status, precipitation phase, and the magnitude and timing of snow accumulation and melt. An international inter‐catchment comparison program, North‐Watch, seeks to improve our understanding of the sensitivity of northern catchments to climate change by examining their hydrological and biogeochemical responses. The catchments are located in Sweden (Krycklan), Scotland (Mharcaidh, Girnock and Strontian), the United States (Sleepers River, Hubbard Brook and HJ Andrews) and Canada (Catamaran, Dorset and Wolf Creek). This briefing presents the initial stage of the North‐Watch program, which focuses on how these catchments collect, store and release water and identify ‘types’ of hydro‐climatic catchment response. At most sites, a 10‐year data of daily precipitation, discharge and temperature were compiled and evaporation and storage were calculated. Inter‐annual and seasonal patterns of hydrological processes were assessed via normalized fluxes and standard flow metrics. At the annual‐scale, relations between temperature, precipitation and discharge were compared, highlighting the role of seasonality, wetness and snow/frozen ground. The seasonal pattern and synchronicity of fluxes at the monthly scale provided insight into system memory and the role of storage. We identified types of catchments that rapidly translate precipitation into runoff and others that more readily store water for delayed release. Synchronicity and variance of rainfall–runoff patterns were characterized by the coefficient of variation (cv) of monthly fluxes and correlation coefficients. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed clustering among like catchments in terms of functioning, largely controlled by two components that (i) reflect temperature and precipitation gradients and the correlation of monthly precipitation and discharge and (ii) the seasonality of precipitation and storage. By advancing the ecological concepts of resistance and resilience for catchment functioning, results provided a conceptual framework for understanding susceptibility to hydrological change across northern catchments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
43.
利用1951—2012年冬季全国160个站月平均气温以及NCEP/NACR再分析资料和海温、北极海冰等资料,分析了我国冬季气温及其关键影响因子的年代际变化特征,重点研究了关键影响因子对我国冬季气温影响关系的年代际变化。研究表明:我国冬季气温在1985年之前处于冷期,之后为暖期; 我国冬季气温异常与影响因子的关系发生了显著的年代际变化,而且影响因子之间的关系也发生了显著的年代际变化。针对这种年代际变化的基本事实,提出针对冷期和暖期中不同影响因子与冬季气温的关系分时段建立冬季气温的多因子回归预测模型,可以反映冬季气温及其影响因子关系的年代际变化特征。正确的预测策略是利用相同年代际背景下预测对象与预测因子的时间序列资料建立预测模型,以确保预测模型中反映的预测对象与预测因子关系的稳定性,进而保持较高的拟合及预测水平。 相似文献
44.
近50年我国冰雹年代际变化及北方冰雹趋势的成因分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用1958-2007年中国755个站的逐日冰雹资料和同期NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及环流特征量,研究了中国近50年冰雹时空变化特征。研究表明,20世纪70年代末、80年代初我国冰雹呈下降趋势,尤其是80年代末以来降雹次数基本低于近50年的平均值,其中我国北方冰雹下降趋势比南方显著,除黄淮、江淮、长江中下游和华南地区外,全国大部分地区冰雹下降趋势都通过了0.05的显著性水平检验,尤其是东北、华北、西北和青藏高原中东部地区。分析表明,20世纪70年代末大尺度环流系统的一系列调整是我国北方冰雹减少的主要原因,200 hPa高空西风急流南移,导致我国北方纬向风场减弱,风速垂直切变减小,对流减弱;850 hPa高度场升高不利于极地冷空气南下和对流系统的建立;同时副高增强,极涡减弱使大气层结稳定,冷空气活动减弱。伴随着大尺度环流的调整,局地垂直温度场结构的变化是影响降雹次数的一个重要原因,局地0℃线和-20℃线之间过冷却水滴累积区距离缩短,不利于雹粒充分地碰并增长,这对东北、华北和西北西部降雹出现显著减少具有十分重要的作用。 相似文献
45.
46.
Evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical component in the hydrological cycle. However, its actual values appear to be difficult to obtain, especially in areas in which precipitation has high inter‐annual variability. Here, we evaluated eight commonly used ET models in semi‐arid and semi‐humid areas of China. The order of overall performance from best to worst is as follows: the revised Priestley–Taylor model (PT‐JPL, 0.71, 1.65 [18.37%], 4.72 [49.19%]) a a Statistics (model abbreviation, coefficient of determination, bias [relative value], standard deviation [relative value]).
, the modified PT‐JPL model (M1‐PT‐JPL, 0.67, ?0.68 [7.56%], 3.87 [40.31%]), the Community Land Model (CLM, 0.68, ?2.52 [28.01%], 5.10 [53.17%]), the modified PT‐JPL model (M2‐PT‐JPL, 0.63, 0.57 [6.27%], 5.04 [52.52%]), the revised Penman–Monteith model (RS‐PM, 0.62, 3.56 [37.40%], 6.11 [63.68%]), an empirical model (Wang, 0.59, ?1.04 [11.57%], 5.61 [58.43%]), the advection‐aridity model (AA, 0.55, 5.56 [61.78%], 7.45 [77.60%]), and the energy balance model (SEBS, 0.35, 5.11 [56.72%], 9.43 [98.18%]). The performance of all of the models is comparably poor in winter and summer, except for the PT‐JPL model, and relatively good in spring and autumn. Because of the vegetation control on ET, the Wang, RS‐PM, PT‐JPL, M1‐PT‐JPL, and M2‐PT‐JPL models perform better for cropland, whereas the AA model, SEBS model and CLM perform better for grassland. The CLM, PT‐JPL, and Wang models perform better in semi‐arid region than in semi‐humid region, whereas the opposite is true for SEBS and RS‐PM. The AA, M1‐PT‐JPL, and M2‐PT‐JPL models perform similarly in semi‐arid and semi‐humid regions. When considering the inter‐annual variability in precipitation, the Wang model has relatively good performance under only some annual precipitation conditions; the performance of the PT‐JPL and AA models is reduced under conditions of high precipitation; the two modified PT‐JPL models inherited the steady performance of the PT‐JPL model and improved the performance under conditions of high annual precipitation by the modification of the soil moisture constraint. RS‐PM is more appropriate for humid conditions. CLM and PT‐JPL models could be effectively applied to all precipitation conditions because of their good performance across a wide annual precipitation range. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
, the modified PT‐JPL model (M1‐PT‐JPL, 0.67, ?0.68 [7.56%], 3.87 [40.31%]), the Community Land Model (CLM, 0.68, ?2.52 [28.01%], 5.10 [53.17%]), the modified PT‐JPL model (M2‐PT‐JPL, 0.63, 0.57 [6.27%], 5.04 [52.52%]), the revised Penman–Monteith model (RS‐PM, 0.62, 3.56 [37.40%], 6.11 [63.68%]), an empirical model (Wang, 0.59, ?1.04 [11.57%], 5.61 [58.43%]), the advection‐aridity model (AA, 0.55, 5.56 [61.78%], 7.45 [77.60%]), and the energy balance model (SEBS, 0.35, 5.11 [56.72%], 9.43 [98.18%]). The performance of all of the models is comparably poor in winter and summer, except for the PT‐JPL model, and relatively good in spring and autumn. Because of the vegetation control on ET, the Wang, RS‐PM, PT‐JPL, M1‐PT‐JPL, and M2‐PT‐JPL models perform better for cropland, whereas the AA model, SEBS model and CLM perform better for grassland. The CLM, PT‐JPL, and Wang models perform better in semi‐arid region than in semi‐humid region, whereas the opposite is true for SEBS and RS‐PM. The AA, M1‐PT‐JPL, and M2‐PT‐JPL models perform similarly in semi‐arid and semi‐humid regions. When considering the inter‐annual variability in precipitation, the Wang model has relatively good performance under only some annual precipitation conditions; the performance of the PT‐JPL and AA models is reduced under conditions of high precipitation; the two modified PT‐JPL models inherited the steady performance of the PT‐JPL model and improved the performance under conditions of high annual precipitation by the modification of the soil moisture constraint. RS‐PM is more appropriate for humid conditions. CLM and PT‐JPL models could be effectively applied to all precipitation conditions because of their good performance across a wide annual precipitation range. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
47.
????GLONASS???????????????????????????GLONASS??????????????????????????GLONASS??????????????λ????????GLONASS???????????????IGS??????????е?????λ???????????????????????GLONASS????????????????????????????λ?????? 相似文献
48.
榆林地区1970-2010年气候因子变化特征分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
榆林位于陕西省黄土高原和内蒙古毛乌素沙地的交接地带,是我国北方农牧交错带的典型地区,地理环境复杂多样,致使该地区生态环境比较敏感,极易受到气候变化和人类活动的影响和干扰。为探讨榆林地区气候变化的发展趋势和特征,基于1970-2010年气象资料,对榆林地区5个气象指标（平均最低气温、平均最高气温、平均气温、降水量和太阳辐射）进行空间插值,进而分析了各指标的季节和年际变化特征,即趋势变化、周期性变化、突变特征。结果表明,榆林地区气温呈现上升的趋势,春季和冬季的气温增幅对全年的增温贡献较大;降水量波动变化较大,夏季降水量减少比其他季节明显。20世纪80年代的降水量较大,90年代前期和中期降水量减少,而90年代后期降水量出现了回升趋势;41 a来的太阳辐射呈现下降的趋势,夏季太阳辐射的减少对全年太阳辐射的减少贡献较大。5个气象指标的周期性变化在大时间尺度上（如25~32 a）变化比较稳定,在小时间尺度上差异比较明显;降水量和平均最低气温在三类时间尺度（如5~15 a、15~25 a和25~30 a）上的周期比较明显。另外,除春季降水量外,其他季节的气象因子在1970-2010年期间变化频率有增加、时间间隔减少的趋势,说明最近10~20 a榆林地区气候变化比较活跃。对榆林地区气候变化特征进行分析,为进一步揭示气候变化下榆林地区农业生产系统的影响机理提供理论基础,为当地政府制定农业生产政策提供决策支持。 相似文献
49.
弹塑性位移谱法的振动台模型试验验证 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
弹塑性位移谱法求解结构在指定强度地面运动作用下的位移需求是一种简便合理的方法。本文将弹塑性位移谱法就具体地震波计算的楼层位移需求、层间位移角需求与一比例为1／10的12层钢筋混凝土模型框架振动台试验结果作了比较。设计的12层钢筋混凝土模型框架结构在振动台上经历了7种强度等级地震波的作用,输入峰值加速度依次为：0．090g、0．258g、0．388g、0．517g、0．646g、0．775g和0．904g。求出了弹塑性位移谱法计算的楼层位移和层问位移角需求与振动台试验结果的比值,研究了二者比值的均值及方差沿楼层的分布情况。结果表明：弹塑性位移谱法的计算结果与振动台得到的位移需求值吻合较好,在基于性能的抗震设计中具有较好的应用前景。 相似文献
50.
Identification of yield drift deformations and evaluation of the degree of damage through the direct sensing of drift displacements 
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下载免费PDF全文 Ping Xiang Akira Nishitani Shohei Marutani Kenzo Kodera Tomohiko Hatada Ryuta Katamura Kiyoshi Kanekawa Takashi Tanii 《地震工程与结构动力学》2016,45(13):2085-2102
Inter‐story drift displacement data can provide useful information for story damage assessment. The authors' research group has developed photonic‐based sensors for the direct measurement of inter‐story drift displacements. This paper proposes a scheme for evaluating the degree of damage in a building structure based on drift displacement sensing. The scheme requires only measured inter‐story drift displacements without any additional finite element analysis. A method for estimating yield drift deformation is proposed, and then, the degree of beam end damage is evaluated based on the plastic deformation ratios derived with the yield drift deformation values estimated by the proposed method. The validity and effectiveness of the presented scheme are demonstrated via experimental data from a large‐scale shaking table test of a one‐third‐scale model of an 18‐story steel building structure conducted at E‐Defense. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献