THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TURBULENT TRANSPORT IN THE SURFACE LAYER OVER EASTERN TIBET DURING SUMMER 1986          下载免费PDF全文

Ma Shufen 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1991,5(4):456-464

The turbulent fluxes for sensible and latent heat and momentum are computed and analyses are carried outabout the factors in terms of the fluxes,with the profile methods,based on the data from the Tibetan(Xi-zang)Plateau Meteorological Experiment in 1986(TIPMEX-86).It is shown that the fluxes of various kindshave evident diurnal variation,and each decade mean diurnal variation is quite different from others.Thesensible heat flux is about 2/3 less in July than in June.The results indicate that the averaged drag coefficient,C_d,and the averaged bulk transfer coefficient of sensible heat,C_h,are 0.0052 and 0.0075 respectively,for theperiod 13 to 28 in June for Nagqu.But for Lhasa,the mean C_d is 0.0056,and the mean C_h is 0.0085,for the period of June 11 to July 20.It is found that C_d and C_h are not only the function of wind velocity,but also influenced by stability conditions and wind and temperature gradients.  相似文献   

Entrainment of circumpolar water in the Indian Ocean region of the Antarctic   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

G. S. Sharma  Benny N. Peter 《Journal of Earth System Science》1990,99(3):425-438

The net influx of the circumpolar water on the western (approximately along 10°E) and eastern (approximately 115°E) boundaries of the Indian Ocean, adopting the method of Montgomery and Stroup is computed on bivariate distribution of potential thermosteric anomaly and salinity to identify the characteristics of the flux. The zonal flux at both the boundaries indicates an alternate strong easterly and westerly flow between 36°S and 45°S, south of which the flow is mainly easterly but weak up to 56°S. At the western boundary the easterly flow is 146 Sv and westerly is 98.07 Sv, while at the eastern boundary (115°E) the corresponding fluxes are 123.46 Sv and 27.20 Sv respectively, indicating a net outflux of 48.33 Sv. This water should have been accounted by the melting of ice and influx of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean Water.  相似文献   

东亚夏季风水汽输送带及其对中国大暴雨与洪涝灾害的影响   总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12       下载免费PDF全文

丁一汇  柳艳菊  宋亚芳 《水科学进展》1990,31(5):629-643

东亚夏季风每年给中国东部地区带来充沛的降水，是中国水资源的主要来源，同时也常常给中国造成严重的洪涝灾害。东亚夏季风水汽输送的强度、影响范围和持续性在极端暴雨过程中起着关键的作用。这支夏季风气流的水汽输送带可称为东亚季风水汽输送带，与国际上近期提出的"大气河"概念相近，但又不完全相同。东亚夏季风水汽输送带是东亚夏季风最具地区性的特征，也是东亚地区夏季大暴雨和洪涝的制造者。本文根据近百年来的资料，综合评述了东亚夏季风水汽输送带的特征和形成原因，并以海河、黄河、淮河与长江近百年最强的5次持续大暴雨过程为例，分析了季风水汽输送带的重要作用。最后，提出气候变暖可以通过4个方面影响全球水循环，包括气候变暖后大气可容纳更多的水汽、大气环流发生变化、辐射强迫改变以及气溶胶影响的区域性等，这些变化都会对季风水汽输送带产生重要影响。  相似文献   

BOUNDARY LAYER GROWTH AND LAPSE RATE CHANGES DETERMINED BY LIDAR AND SURFACE HEAT FLUX IN SOFIA^*          下载免费PDF全文

E. Donev  K. Zeller  St. Panchev  I. Kolev 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1995,9(1):101-111

In this study the results from a boundary layer experiment,conducted in autumn 1991 over a flat,build-up urban area in Southeast Sofia,together with some models for mixed layer growth rates are used to investigate the layered structure of the vertical atmospheric stability distribution in the Sofia Valley.Lidar measurements of aerosol layer heights and morning boundary layer development are combined with surface eddy correlation measurements of kinematic heat and moisture fluxes,profiles of temperature and humidity,wind speed and wind direction.A diagnostic method is presented for determining vertical lapse rates using surface meteorological measurements and lidar returns observed during the transition from nighttime stable stratification to daytime convective boundary layer after the sunrise.  相似文献   

Transformation of Irradiance Measurements into Spectral Actinic Flux for Photolysis Rates Determination     

HÉLÈNE COTTE  CLAUDE DEVAUX  PATRICK CARLIER 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1997,26(1):1-28

The actinic flux is the only radiometric quantity suitable for photolysisfrequency determination. It is derived from solar spectral irradiancemeasurements performed by a portable spectroradiometer in the 300–850nm wavelength range. The spectral irradiance is first divided into a directpart and a diffuse part, according to the atmospheric conditions, and thenconverted into the corresponding actinic flux quantity. As an intermediary,the ratio of diffuse actinic flux to diffuseirradiance is calculated by the spherical harmonics radiative code withrespect to wavelength, solar zenith angle, surface albedo, and aerosolproperties.The results of extensive sensitivity studies of asa function of the main atmospheric parameters are discussed and lead to theconclusion that aerosol optical depth is the major critical value for aprecise determination. The global algorithm totransform spectral irradiance into actinic flux is finally applied forphotodissociation rate calculations by convolution of the obtained actinicflux spectra with the absorption cross-sections and quantum yields of themolecule studied. Photolysis rates of different atmospheric photooxidants havebeen measured with this spectroradiometric method during the summers of 1993and 1994 in Brittany and in Portugal. The ozone and nitrogen dioxidephotodissociation rates obtained present a good agreement with thej(O₃) and j(NO₂) actinometerresults, for the same experimental conditions in Brittany.  相似文献   

Assessing artificial neural networks coupled with wavelet analysis for multi-layer soil moisture dynamics prediction   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

JunJun Yang  ZhiBin He  WeiJun Zhao  Jun Du  LongFei Chen  Xi Zhu 《寒旱区科学》2016,8(2):116-124

Soil moisture simulation and prediction in semi-arid regions are important for agricultural production,soil conservation and climate change.However,considerable heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of soil moisture,and poor ability of distributed hydrological models to estimate it,severely impact the use of soil moisture models in research and practical applications.In this study,a newly-developed technique of coupled(WA-ANN) wavelet analysis(WA) and artificial neural network(ANN) was applied for a multi-layer soil moisture simulation in the Pailugou catchment of the Qilian Mountains,Gansu Province, China.Datasets included seven meteorological factors:air and land surface temperatures,relative humidity,global radiation, atmospheric pressure,wind speed,precipitation,and soil water content at 20,40,60,80,120 and 160 cm.To investigate the effectiveness of WA-ANN,ANN was applied by itself to conduct a comparison.Three main findings of this study were:(1) ANN and WA-ANN provided a statistically reliable and robust prediction of soil moisture in both the root zone and deepest soil layer studied(NSE >0.85,NSE means Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficient);(2) when input meteorological factors were transformed using maximum signal to noise ratio(SNR) and one-dimensional auto de-noising algorithm(heursure) in WA, the coupling technique improved the performance of ANN especially for soil moisture at 160 cm depth;(3) the results of multi-layer soil moisture prediction indicated that there may be different sources of water at different soil layers,and this can be used as an indicator of the maximum impact depth of meteorological factors on the soil water content at this study site.We conclude that our results show that appropriate simulation methodology can provide optimal simulation with a minimum distortion of the raw-time series;the new method used here is applicable to soil sciences and management applications.  相似文献   

吐鲁番盆地地下水与植被的关系研究          下载免费PDF全文

张晓  魏青军  刘亮 《山东国土资源》2016,32(7)

吐鲁番盆地是我国西部极端干旱地区的一个山间盆地,气候干旱、降雨稀少,荒漠生态典型,生态环境脆弱。文章从植被生长与土壤含水率、含盐量、地下水矿化度、埋深等方面进行分析,得出吐鲁番盆地艾丁湖周缘低湿地植被生态可持续发展的合理生态水位为埋深2.5~3.5 m。总结了吐鲁番盆地天然绿洲区的植被随地下水变化的关系及其演替模式。  相似文献   

基于土壤湿度和年际增量方法的中国夏季气温预测试验   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

李启芬  刘婷婷  陈海山  蒋薇  李忠贤 《气象科学》2016,36(5):629-638

本文利用中国160站月平均气温资料和欧洲中心ERA-Interim逐月再分析表层土壤湿度资料,通过相关分析选取欧亚大陆9个关键区的土壤湿度年际增量作为预测因子,采用变形的典型相关分析(BP-CCA)结合集合典型相关分析(ECC)的方法建立集合预测模型,对我国东部夏季气温年际增量进行预测,进而预测夏季气温。其中,1980—2004年的资料用于历史拟合试验,而2005—2014年的资料用于独立样本预测试验。首先利用BP-CCA方法对9个因子分别建立单因子预测模型,然后采用ECC方法对9个预测因子按照不同的组合方式建立集合预测模型,并且分析预测技巧。结果表明,不同预测因子的组合对我国夏季气温的预测能力不同:勒拿河下游地区、中国黄河以南地区、叶尼塞河下游地区、西西伯利亚平原地区以及印度半岛西北部地区的土壤湿度对华北夏季气温预测效果较好;中国黄河以南地区、叶尼塞河下游地区、印度半岛西北部地区、贝加尔湖东北地区以及贝加尔湖以西地区的土壤湿度对江淮夏季气温有较高预测技巧。所建立的两组集合预测模型均显示了较好的实际预测能力:华北气温预测模型预测气温距平的同号率为8/10,平均均方根误差为3.4%;江淮气温预测模型预测气温距平的同号率为7/10,平均均方根误差为2.7%。并且两组模型预测出的华北和江淮气温的预测评分(PS)均超过80分,而国际上通用的距平相关系数(ACC)均在0.3以上。这说明土壤湿度因子中包含对我国夏季气温有用的预测信号,可以考虑将土壤湿度应用于夏季气温预测业务中。  相似文献   

自动土壤墒情监测管理系统设计与应用     

李翠娜  王柏林  张广周  吴苏 《气象科技》2016,44(3):381-386

为了提升省级自动土壤墒情观测管理能力,开发了C/S结构土壤墒情监测管理系统,实现了对不同厂家3种类型的土壤墒情观测设备数据的统一收集、处理和入库管理业务。系统具有数据质量控制、监控预警以及数据应用等功能,基层台站业务人员可以通过局域网或因特网实时了解和分析当地及全省土壤墒情变化,为农业生产提供了有力、可靠的服务信息。通过业务试用,系统运行稳定,可显著提高土壤墒情观测数据质量和设备技术保障水平,具有广阔的推广空间和应用前景。  相似文献   

重庆一次暴雨过程的诊断分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

胡容  史小康  李耀东 《气象与环境科学》2016,39(1):66-73

为揭示2012年5月11-12日重庆暴雨过程的发生发展机制,寻找重庆地区暴雨预报方法,利用国家卫星气象中心的降水量产品数据集和NCEP格点再分析资料,对这次暴雨进行了天气形势分析,并从动力和水汽条件、水汽螺旋度和水汽散度通量及不稳定指数等方面进行了诊断分析。结果表明,短波槽东移南下和西南涡东移北上是造成此次暴雨过程的主要原因;高空槽前脊后的正涡度平流,有利于大气的抬升运动;中层(700 h Pa)的西南暖湿气流为此次暴雨过程提供了水汽和能量,促进并维持对流的强烈发展;水汽螺旋度高值区和水汽散度通量低值区都与强降水区域有较好的对应关系,且有较好的时间相关性,这对强降水落区和降水系统的移动发展有一定的指示意义;低层暖湿气流抬升与高层冷空气交汇触发了此次暴雨天气过程;K指数和A指数对于暴雨的形成和发展有一定的预报意义。  相似文献