降水预报的初始场最优化方法     

周成钧耿良国  李军伟 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2005,28(3):9-11

利用一简单的湿度发展方程，尝试用非线性最优化方法讨论降水预报中的最优初值场的获得。试验结果表明，通过非线性最优化分析方法，可以找到一最优初始场，使得模式预报结果与实际观测场一致，这为将来在实际应用中如何改善更复杂模式的初始场，提高预报准确率提供了一个很有意义的思路。  相似文献   

Phillips模式的斜压不稳定的非线性饱和问题:能量情形     

Xiang Jie  Sun Litan 《大气科学进展》2002,19(6):1079-1090

A conservation law for the Phillips model is derived. Using this law, the nonlinear saturation of purely baroclinic instability caused by the vertical velocity shear of the basic flow in the Phillips model-the case of energy-is studied within the context of Arnold's second stability theorem. Analytic upper bounds on the energy of wavy disturbances are obtained. For one unstable region in the parameter plane, the result here is a second-order correction in ε to Shepherd's; For another unstable region, the analytic upper bound on the energy of wavy disturbances offers an effective constraint on wavy (nonzonal) disturbances φ'i at any time.  相似文献   

The influence of the coast on the dynamics of upwelling fronts: Part II. Numerical simulations     

Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot  Vincent Echevin 《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2002,36(1-3)

We investigated the dynamics of upwelling fronts near a coast. This work was first motivated by laboratory experiments [Bouruet-Aubertot, Linden, Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 2002] in which the front is produced by the adjustment of a buoyant fluid initially confined within a bottomless cylinder. It was shown that cyclonic eddies consisting of coastal waters are enhanced when the front is unstable near the coast (the outer vertical boundary). The purpose of this paper is to provide further insights into this process. We reproduced the experimental configuration using a three-dimensional model of the primitive equations. We first show that for coastal fronts more potential energy, in terms of the maximum available potential energy, is released than for open-ocean fronts. Therefore, waves of larger amplitude are generated during the adjustment and the mean flow that establishes has a higher kinetic energy in the former case. Then as baroclinic instability starts and wave crests reach the boundary, cyclonic eddies are enhanced as in the laboratory experiments and in a similar way. However, in contrast to the laboratory experiments, offshore advection of cyclonic eddies can occur in two stages, depending on the spatial organization of the baroclinic wave. When the baroclinic wave consists of the sum of different modes and is thus highly asymmetric, the offshore advection of cyclonic eddies occurs just after their enhancement at the boundary, as in the laboratory experiments. By contrast, when a single-mode baroclinic wave develops, neighboring cyclonic eddies first merge before being advected offshore. Very different behavior is observed for open-ocean fronts. First a mixed baroclinic–barotropic instability grows. Then the eddies transfer their energy to the mean flow and the barotropic and baroclinic instabilities start again. An excellent agreement is obtained with the main result obtained in the laboratory experiments: the ratio between growth rates of surface cyclonic and anticyclonic vorticity increases as the instability develops nearer to the coast.  相似文献   

Numerical evaluation of the damping‐solvent extraction method in the frequency domain     

Ushnish Basu  Anil K. Chopra 《地震工程与结构动力学》2002,31(6):1231-1250

The damping‐solvent extraction method for the analysis of unbounded visco‐elastic media is evaluated numerically in the frequency domain in order to investigate the influence of the computational parameters—domain size, amount of artificial damping, and mesh density—on the accuracy of results. An analytical estimate of this influence is presented, and specific questions regarding the influence of the parameters on the results are answered using the analytical estimate and numerical results for two classical problems: the rigid strip and rigid disc footings on a visco‐elastic half‐space with constant hysteretic material damping. As the domain size is increased, the results become more accurate only at lower frequencies, but are essentially unaffected at higher frequencies. Choosing the domain size to ensure that the static stiffness is computed accurately leads to an unnecessarily large domain for analysis at higher frequencies. The results improve by increasing artificial damping but at a slower rate as the total (material plus artificial) damping ratio ζ_t gets closer to 0.866. However, the results do not deteriorate significantly for the larger amounts of artificial damping, suggesting that ζ_t≈0.6 is appropriate; a larger value is not likely to influence the accuracy of results. Presented results do not support the earlier suggestion that similar accuracy can be achieved by a large bounded domain with small damping or by a small domain with larger damping. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

断层周围的弹塑性区及其地质意义   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9  

武红岭  张利容 《地球学报》2002,23(1):11-16

采用弹塑性有限单元方法 ,通过模拟符合实际状况的逐步加载过程所引起应力场和塑性形变区的研究 ,得出如下结果 :①在塑性或韧性剪切形变情况下 ,断裂或形变带的共轭剪切角往往大于 4 5° ;②在双向挤压应力条件下 ,先存断裂的前缘部位没有拉伸应力存在 ,但可能有伸展形变发生 ;③与最大主压应力夹角为 3 0°～ 90°的断层前缘是偏应力的优势方位 ,容易发生塑性剪切形变 ,特别是夹角为 60°左右的断层是最易发生新的构造活动的断层 ;④多数断层两侧一定范围内以及断层内部是相对的低应力区。这些应力的低值区 ,非常有利于矿液和油气的运移、聚集和成藏。  相似文献   

有限弹性变形地壳中的地震波     

范家参 《地震研究》2002,25(1):48-52

地壳由半无限大的基岩上一层厚度为H^-的表土层组成，入射地震波为垂直的SH波，产生水平地面运动。当浅源大地震发生时，在极震区以外行波传播产生地面运动将使地壳介质有非线性的有限弹性变形。用小参数摄动法使非线性控制方程为线性化的小参数各阶控制方程，得出头两阶线性控制方程的解析解。  相似文献   

Development of site-specific design ground motions in Western and Eastern North America     

Walter Silva  Carl Costantino   《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2002,22(9-12):755-764

This paper presents results recently obtained for generating site-specific ground motions needed for design of critical facilities. The general approach followed in developing these ground motions using either deterministic or probabilistic criteria is specification of motions for rock outcrop or very firm soil conditions followed by adjustments for site-specific conditions. Central issues in this process include development of appropriate attenuation relations and their uncertainties, differences in expected motions between Western and Eastern North America, and incorporation of site-specific adjustments that maintain the same hazard level as the control motions, while incorporating uncertainties in local dynamic material properties. For tectonically active regions, such as the Western United States (WUS), sufficient strong motion data exist to constrain empirical attenuation relations for M up to about 7 and for distances greater than about 10–15 km. Motions for larger magnitudes and closer distances are largely driven by extrapolations of empirical relations and uncertainties need to be substantially increased for these cases.

For the Eastern United States (CEUS), due to the paucity of strong motion data for cratonic regions worldwide, estimation of strong ground motions for engineering design is based entirely on calibrated models. The models are usually calibrated and validated in the WUS where sufficient strong motion data are available and then recalibrated for applications to the CEUS. Recalibration generally entails revising parameters based on available CEUS ground motion data as well as indirect inferences through intensity observations. Known differences in model parameters such as crustal structure between WUS and CEUS are generally accommodated as well. These procedures are examined and discussed.  相似文献   

拱坝非线性地震反应分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

肖诗云  林皋  李宏男 《地震工程与工程振动》2002,22(4):36-40

本文根据一致粘弹性模型的概念，引入应变率的影响，将混凝土静态William-Warnke三参数模型改造成一致粘塑性William-Warnke三参数本构模型，并用这个模型对某高拱坝进行了非线性地震响应分析，与线弹性模型和应变率无关的William-Warnke三参数模型的结果进行了比较，初步探讨了应变率对拱坝地震反应的影响。  相似文献   

挡块对斜拉桥抗震性能的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

余建星  王新岐 《地震工程与工程振动》2002,22(4):114-119

本文基于现有永和斜拉桥挡块设施的严重破损，引入非线性挡块元，采用有限元计算分析挡块对斜拉桥抗震性能的影响。结果表明，斜拉桥塔根挡块的调协对减震效果影响不大，但挡块具有减小塔顶残余变形的有利作用。鉴于此，对永和斜拉桥挡块进行修复是必要的。  相似文献   

Study on the characteristics of rock failure strain and acoustic emission field for two parallelling faults with the same slip direction including asperities     

焦明若  张国民  马胜利  马宏生 《地震学报(英文版)》2002,15(4):374-382

Introduction Concerning about research on grouped-earthquake seismogenic and occurrence, at present it is only limited on the stage of the theoretical analysis and numerical model. For instance, ZHANG (1987) simulated the grouped-earthquake generation and physical mechanism making use of spring-block principle. Applying for non-linear dynamic model, referring to Chinese continental plate as object, LI, et al (1997) performed the numerical simulation on the seismogenic and occurring of group…  相似文献