雷电定位系统与人工观测雷暴日数统计比较   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

王学良  张科杰  张义军  朱传林 《应用气象学报》2014,25(6):741-750

为了利用雷电定位系统 (lightning location system,LLS) 资料统计人工观测雷暴日数,采用湖北省2007—2012年LLS监测资料,选取25个气象站为圆心,统计其不同监测半径 (r) 圆区域内LLS监测的雷电日数,并与人工观测雷暴日数进行比较。结果表明:r≤7 km时,LLS监测平均年雷电日数小于人工观测平均年雷暴日数;r≥8 km时, LLS监测平均年雷电日数大于人工观测平均年雷暴日数;r=22 km圆区域内年平均雷电日数可替代最大年雷暴日数。根据r=7 km,r=8 km圆区域内LLS监测的年雷电日数、年平均地闪密度资料,分别采用直接替代法、地闪密度法和该文提出的二元法计算年雷暴日数,结果显示:二元法效果最好。二元法计算的2007—2012年25个站平均年雷暴日数与人工观测相等,平均差异为7.4%;二元法计算的2013年年雷暴日数与人工观测相差0.8 d,平均差异为12.3%。  相似文献   

An Overview of Nowcasting Development, Applications, and Services in the Hong Kong Observatory          下载免费PDF全文

LI Ping-Wah  WONG Wai-Kin  CHEUNG Ping  YEUNG Hon-Yin 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2014,28(5):859-876

The Hong Kong Observatory （HKO） has been developing a suite of nowcasting systems to support op- erations of the forecasting center and to provide a variety of nowcasting services for the general public and specialized users. The core system is named the Short-range Warnings of Intense Rainstorm of Localized Systems （SWIRLS）, which is a radar-based nowcasting system mainly for the automatic tracking of the movement of radar echoes and the short-range Quantitative Precipitation Forecast （QPF）. The differential, integral （or variational）, and object-oriented tracking algorithms were developed and integrated into the nowcasting suite. In order to predict severe weather associated with intense thunderstorms, such as high gust, hail, and lightning, SWIRLS was enhanced to SWIRLS-II by introduction of a number of physical models, especially the icing physics as well as the thermodynamics of the atmosphere. SWIRLS-Ⅱ was further enhanced with non-hydrostatic, high resolution numerical models for extending the forecast range up to 6h ahead. Meanwhile, SWIRLS was also modified for providing nowcasting services for aviation community and specialized users. To take into account the rapid development of lightning events, ensemble nowcasting techniques such as time-lagged and weighted average ensemble approaches were also adopted in the nowcasting system. Apart from operational uses in Hong Kong, SWIRLS/SWIRLS-Ⅱ was also exported to other places to participate in several international events such as the WMO/WWRP Forecast Demon- stration Project （FDP） during the Beijing 2008 Olympics Games and the Shanghai Expo 2010. Meanwhile, SWIRLS has also been transferred to various regional meteorological organizations for establishing their nowcasting infrastructure. This paper summarizes the history and the technologies of SWIRLS/SWIRLS-Ⅱ and its variants and the associated nowcasting applications and services provided by the HKO since the mid 1990s.  相似文献   

武汉市油气库雷电预警服务系统设计与应用     

余蓉  杜牧云  李国梁  刘云鹏  梅春会 《湖北气象》2014,(4):407-412

依托湖北省气象局科技发展基金项目,湖北省防雷中心于2013年开发出武汉市油气库雷电预警服务系统。在介绍该系统设计思路、主要功能、运行流程的基础上,以2013年7月5—6日武汉市一次强降水过程为例,选取湖北省气象局所在地周边两家加油站作为服务对象进行系统应用测试,跟踪检测系统运行情况及服务效果。结果表明,雷电预警系统闪电监测准确,预警及闪电信息发布及时,服务对象对此反馈良好。  相似文献   

雷电灾害易损性评估及易损度区划——以宁波为例     

石湘波  张其林  邵程远  王焕邦  郑玲 《内蒙古气象》2014,(2):27-30,39

根据宁波市ADTD闪电定位系统的2010—2012年的地闪监测数据和雷电灾害资料以及2012年宁波市人口及GDP数据,选取年平均地闪密度、致灾强度地闪密度、经济损失指标、人员伤亡指标、人员易损指标、经济易损指标等6项指标,采用5级对称等分间隔划分法,确定划分雷灾易损性指标和雷灾综合易损度等级标准,根据雷灾综合易损度得出评估结果:海曙区、江东区为雷灾极高易损区;镇海区为雷灾高易损区;江北区、宁海县、象山县、北仑区、奉化市为雷灾中易损区;鄞州区、余姚市为雷灾低易损区;慈溪市为雷灾极低易损区。  相似文献   

Under the surface: Pressure-induced planetary-scale waves,volcanic lightning,and gaseous clouds caused by the submarine eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano     

David A. Yuen  Melissa A. Scruggs  Frank J. Spera  Yingcai Zheng  Hao Hu  Stephen R. McNutt  Glenn Thompson  Kyle Mandli  Barry R. Keller  Songqiao Shawn Wei  Zhigang Peng  Zili Zhou  Francesco Mulargia  Yuichiro Tanioka 《地震研究进展（英文）》2022,2(3):100134

We present a narrative of the eruptive events culminating in the cataclysmic January 15, 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Volcano by synthesizing diverse preliminary seismic, volcanological, sound wave, and lightning data available within the first few weeks after the eruption occurred. The first hour of eruptive activity produced fast-propagating tsunami waves, long-period seismic waves, loud audible sound waves, infrasonic waves, exceptionally intense volcanic lightning and an unsteady volcanic plume that transiently reached—at 58 ?km—the Earth's mesosphere. Energetic seismic signals were recorded worldwide and the globally stacked seismogram showed episodic seismic events within the most intense periods of phreatoplinian activity, and they correlated well with the infrasound pressure waveform recorded in Fiji. Gravity wave signals were strong enough to be observed over the entire planet in just the first few hours, with some circling the Earth multiple times subsequently. These large-amplitude, long-wavelength atmospheric disturbances come from the Earth's atmosphere being forced by the magmatic mixture of tephra, melt and gasses emitted by the unsteady but quasi-continuous eruption from 0402±1–1800 UTC on January 15, 2022. Atmospheric forcing lasted much longer than rupturing from large earthquakes recorded on modern instruments, producing a type of shock wave that originated from the interaction between compressed air and ambient (wavy) sea surface. This scenario differs from conventional ideas of earthquake slip, landslides, or caldera collapse-generated tsunami waves because of the enormous (～1000x) volumetric change due to the supercritical nature of volatiles associated with the hot, volatile-rich phreatoplinian plume. The time series of plume altitude can be translated to volumetric discharge and mass flow rate. For an eruption duration of ～12 ?h, the eruptive volume and mass are estimated at 1.9 ?km³ and ～2 900 ?Tg, respectively, corresponding to a VEI of 5–6 for this event. The high frequency and intensity of lightning was enhanced by the production of fine ash due to magma—seawater interaction with concomitant high charge per unit mass and the high pre-eruptive concentration of dissolved volatiles. Analysis of lightning flash frequencies provides a rapid metric for plume activity and eruption magnitude. Many aspects of this eruption await further investigation by multidisciplinary teams. It represents a unique opportunity for fundamental research regarding the complex, non-linear behavior of high energetic volcanic eruptions and attendant phenomena, with critical implications for hazard mitigation, volcano forecasting, and first-response efforts in future disasters.  相似文献   

基于雷达和微波辐射计的湖北省冷季“高架雷暴”特征分析     

苟阿宁  高正旭  侯静  韩芳蓉  刘文婷  张文言  张文刚 《热带气象学报》2020,36(4):528-541

利用常规观测、加密自动气象站、三维闪电定位仪、天气雷达和地基微波辐射计资料等,对湖北冷季（2014年11月）发生的3次高架雷暴过程进行了分析。（1）3次过程发生在地面冷锋后部地面冷气团中,主要以短时强降水和频繁的雷电活动为主,是典型的冷季“高架雷暴”,对流区位于地面冷锋后部500 km左右。（2）地面到925 hPa的冷垫,迫使暖湿气流爬升,在925 hPa逆温层附近触发对流,冷垫之上西南暖湿气流越强,对流越旺盛,雷达径向速度剖面可以明显看到1 km之下的冷垫。（3）冷季高架雷暴雷电活动剧烈,CG（地闪）占总闪比例60%以上,而+CG则占CG的40%左右,闪电频次和降水有很好的时空对应关系,CG出现在较强降水中心附近及周围,IC和CG突增对降水均有一定的时间提前量。CG更靠近强回波中心,且和≥30 dBZ的回波位置对应较好,IC则分布在雷暴单体外侧回波强度≥15 dBZ的区域。0 ℃等温线以上的（最大）回波强度达到43 dBZ以上或者18 dBZ回波顶高超过7.5 km是湖北冷季高架雷暴是否发生雷电的重要预警因子。（4）地基微波辐射计温度、湿度廓线和探空曲线基本吻合,可以看到明显的冷垫、逆温层及西南急流。基于微波辐射计资料计算的不稳定指数变化特征对冷季高架雷暴的短临预报有重要的实际应用价值。当A指数、TT指数、K指数和T_850-500出现快变抖动时,伴随抖动加剧可以判断将会有雷暴天气发生,当波动曲线开始下降并变得平稳,表示雷暴减弱消亡;θ_{se 850}在雷暴出现后跃增并在320 K附近抖动,雷暴结束后下落到290 K的平稳状态;T_d850在雷暴活跃阶段近乎为0 ℃;T_850-500在雷暴发生前是一个缓慢下降的过程,雷暴结束后大气趋于稳定。   相似文献   

太阳能热水器雷电防护技术分析     

李虹 《气象与环境科学》2013,36(4):88-92

太阳能热水器的雷电防护隐患很大,每年都有不少雷击案例发生。通过调查发现,大多数热水器无雷电防护装置;多安装在屋顶,易招致雷击;安装人员多为非专业人员,缺乏必备的雷电防护知识。对太阳能热水器造成危害的不仅有直击雷,还有感应雷。因此,太阳能热水器的雷电防护,既要采取防直击雷防护措施,也要采取防雷电感应措施。  相似文献   

北美地区一次冬季中尺度对流系统上空红色精灵现象的空间观测及其母体雷暴分析     

钟丽华  杨静  陆高鹏  王庸平  何其佳  郄秀书 《大气科学》2020,44(5):997-1012

红色精灵是发生在雷暴云上空的一种大尺度瞬态放电发光现象,它们通常出现在地面上空40～90 km之间,是由地闪回击和随后可能存在的连续电流产生的。目前,由于综合同步观测资料较少,与夏季红色精灵相比,全世界对冬季红色精灵的研究屈指可数。2008年12月27～28日,受高空槽及低层暖湿气流的影响,北美阿肯色州地区爆发了一次冬季雷暴天气过程,搭载于FORMOSAT-2卫星上的ISUAL（Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning）探测器有幸在这次雷暴上空记录到了两例红色精灵事件。本文利用ISUAL获取的红色精灵观测资料、多普勒天气雷达资料、美国国家闪电定位资料、超低频磁场数据、美国国家环境中心/气候预测中心提供的云顶亮温和探空数据等综合观测数据,对产生红色精灵的这次冬季雷暴特征和相关闪电活动规律进行了详细研究。结果表明,在两例红色精灵中,ISUAL均未观测到伴随的“光晕（halo）”现象,第一例为“圆柱状”红色精灵,第二例红色精灵由于发光较暗,无法判断其具体形态。产生红色精灵的母体雷暴是一次中尺度对流系统,该系统于27日15:00（协调世界时,下同）左右出现在阿肯色州北部附近,并自西向东移动。23:59系统发展到最强,最大雷达反射率因子（55～60 dBZ）的面积达到339 km2,之后开始减弱。03:03雷暴强度有所增加,随后云体便逐渐扩散,雷暴开始减弱,并在11:00完全消散。两例红色精灵发生分别在04:46:05和04:47:14,此时雷暴处于消散阶段,正负地闪频数均处于一个较低水平且正地闪比例显著增加,并且多位于云顶亮温?40°C～?50°C的层状云区上空。红色精灵的出现伴随着30～35 dBZ回波面积的增加。在红色精灵发生期间,雷达反射率大于40 dBZ的面积减少,10～40 dBZ的面积增加,表明红色精灵的产生与雷暴对流的减弱和层状云区的发展有关,这与已有的夏季红色精灵的研究结果类似。红色精灵的母体闪电为正地闪单回击,位于中尺度对流系统雷达反射率为25～35 dBZ的层状云降水区,对应的雷达回波顶高分别为2.5 km和5 km,峰值电流分别为+183 kA和+45 kA。根据超低频磁场数据估算两个母体闪电的脉冲电荷矩变化（iCMC）分别为+394 C km和+117 C km。超低频磁天线记录到了第一例红色精灵内部的电流信号,表明这例红色精灵放电很强。  相似文献   

大兴安岭林区负地闪电荷源的反演     

武智君  郄秀书  王东方  宣越健  刘明远  王志超 《气象学报》2013,71(4):783-796

在中国东北大兴安岭林区进行了基于全球定位系统(GPS)时间同步的闪电地面电场变化多站观测.利用2010年7月14日一次过境雷暴多站同步的闪电电场变化资料,采用非线性最小二乘拟合法对雷暴成熟阶段的15次负地闪(包含57次回击和8次连续电流过程)中和的电荷源进行了拟合.大兴安岭林区负地闪单次回击中和的电荷量平均为1.0C(范围为0.1-5.0C),20%的继后回击中和电荷量大于首次回击,继后回击与首次回击中和电荷量的比为0.1-6.1,平均为0.8±1.0.单次连续电流中和的电荷量平均为3.8C(范围为0.4-7.3C),连续电流期间通道中的平均电流估计为25.3A(范围4.9-50.8A),一次负地闪中和的总电荷量平均为6.4C(范围为1.4-12.4C).负地闪回击和连续电流中和电荷源的高度分布与雷暴云的发展有关,对应的环境温度为-10--25℃.在雷暴成熟阶段前期,负地闪回击和连续电流中和电荷源距地面的高度从5.0km缓慢上升至10.5km;在雷暴成熟阶段后期,负地闪回击和连续电流中和电荷源距地面的平均高度从9.0km下降到6.0km,单次回击中和的电荷量也较前期减小约一个量级.与雷达回波的叠加显示,负地闪回击和连续电流中和的电荷源主要位于大于40dBz的强对流中心区,部分位于30-40dBz的强回波区边缘或较弱的回波区.  相似文献   

云南省雷灾特征分析及灾情评估     

殷娴  尹丽云  许迎杰  刘平英 《气象科技》2013,41(1):184-190

根据云南省2007 2008年的雷电灾害资料以及地闪资料,分析了云南省16个地级市的雷电灾害分布特征,讨论了雷灾分布与地闪分布的关系,并从雷灾记录中提取了6个灾度指标,通过AHP法(层次分析法)建立灾情评估层次模型和灾度评估方程,计算了云南省522次雷灾的灾度值,用SAS中聚类分析过程将灾度值分为4级,并统计分析了各级雷灾在各地区的分布情况,得出云南雷电灾害中小型雷灾分布较广、出现几率较大,而大型和特大型雷灾发生几率较低、主要集中在昆明和德宏地区.该文结论为区域防雷减灾规划提供了科学依据.  相似文献