Determination of Sulfur Balance Between the Atmosphere and a Norway Spruce Forest Ecosystem: Comparison of Gradient Dry + Wet and Throughfall Deposition Measurements     

Emese A. Kovács  László Horváth 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2004,48(3):235-240

Total sulfur deposition was determined above a Norway spruce forest, in Hungary. Two methods were applied, on one hand dry + wet deposition measurements and on the other, throughfall and stemflow deposition estimations have been carried out. Results show: total depositions are 3.3 and 3.2 g S m^–2 yr^–1 determined by dry + wet and throughfall deposition methods, respectively. The share of the dry deposition in the total S-load is 73%. The agreement between the results of the two different methods is good and suggests the needlessness of complicated dry + wet flux measurements, i.e. the total and dry deposition of sulfur compounds to forests can be determined by simple throughfall and wet deposition measurements.  相似文献   

Spatial Transgression and the BYU Jerusalem Center Controversy*     

Daniel H. Olsen  Jeanne Kay Guelke 《The Professional geographer》2004,56(4):503-515

Dominant groups tend to construct the meaning of places to justify and sustain their ideology and orthodoxy in order to solidify power and to maintain their control over others. New outsider groups whose ideology disrupts the established order and sovereignty of the dominant group can be labeled transgressive ( Sibley 1995; Cresswell 1996 ). Transgressions of hegemonic spaces force dominant groups to reexamine themselves and to reaffirm or to modify their position. This concept of transgression is used to examine the controversy surrounding the building of the Brigham Young University Jerusalem Center in the mid‐1980s in Jerusalem. The public outcry among some Israelis over the building of this educational edifice concerned the potential use of the Jerusalem Center as a focal point for Mormon (Latter‐day Saints) proselytizing efforts. We examine the way the Jerusalem Center was viewed and depicted by its opponents, suggesting how basic geographic concepts such as scale and site further refine the concept of spatial transgression for buildings and urban redevelopment.  相似文献   

西北地区干、湿夏季的前期环流和水汽差异   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14       下载免费PDF全文

王秀荣  徐祥德等 《应用气象学报》2002,13(5):550-559

用西北地区夏季 (6、7、8月) 共19个站降水量观测资料以及NCEP/ NCAR 1958~1997年再分析全球月平均网格点前期 (春季) 资料, 选取西北地区周边范围内夏季干、湿年的前期春季各个物理量场进行相关统计分析, 结果表明前期春季影响西北地区夏季干、湿的相关区域环流特征和水汽特征有显著差异。  相似文献   

异常南海夏季风的OLR前期特征     

黄嘉宏  张勇  戴念军 《气象研究与应用》2002,23(3):24-27

应用 1979～ 1999年 NOAA卫星月平均 OL R资料及 195 0～ 1999年 NCAR/ NCEP再分析的海表温度月平均资料 ,采用合成分析的方法对异常南海夏季风爆发前期的特征进行分析 ,并做信度检验。结果表明 ,在季风爆发的前期 ,对流活动和海温的异常与南海夏季风的异常关系密切。OL R在初春、垂直速度在整个前期与南海夏季风的异常存在着极强的相关性。在强 (弱 )南海夏季风年的前期 ,热带海温基本呈 L a Nina(El Nino)型分布 ,其中在12月 ,海温的距平分布与来年南海夏季风的强弱关系最为密切  相似文献   

50 a来我国干湿气候界线的空间变化分析   总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12  

杨建平  丁永建  陈仁升  刘连友 《冰川冻土》2002,24(6):731-736

采用干燥度指数为干湿气候区的划分标准, 通过近50 a来年降水量干湿气候界线与干燥度干湿气候界线变动对比分析, 结果表明: 在气候变暖, 降水区域差异性显著的情况下, 我国干旱/半干旱分界线与半干旱/湿润分界线也表现出显著的区域差异性, 且具有"U型"分布特征. 在东北北部, 250 mm年雨量线为干旱/半干旱分界线, 450 mm年雨量线为半干旱/湿润分界线, 半干旱气候向西退缩, 范围缩小; 在东北南部、华北区与河套地区, 300 mm年雨量线为干旱/半干旱分界线, 700 mm年雨量线作为半干旱/湿润分界线, 干旱气候与半干旱气候向东南方向扩展, 空间范围在扩大, 成为"U型"分布的凸出部位; 在西南区与河套以西的西北东部, 250 mm年雨量线为干旱/半干旱分界线, 500 mm年雨量线为半干旱/湿润分界线, 干旱半干旱气候变化不大. 决定我国干湿气候界线空间变化的主要因素是由西太平洋副热带高压位置与强度导致的东南季风、孟加拉弯暖流所导致的西南季风以及西风环流等综合作用的降水量的区域差异性.  相似文献   

中国西部地壳现今变形特征及其机制探讨   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

杨国华  李延兴  韩月萍  胡新康  巩曰沐 《测绘学报》2002,31(4):292-299

以中国大陆及周边10年来近400个GPS测站的复测资料为基础，获取并绘制了现今地壳水平运动与变形图像，结果表明：青藏块体内西半部南北向只存在微弱的缩短变化（5mm/a左右），东半部南北向则没有缩短的迹象，南北缩短的区域主要位于青藏块体南缘的喜马拉雅条带（约15mm/a），北缘中部的柴达木西区（约15mm/a）和青藏块体北面的天山块体及周围地区（约15mm/a）；青藏块体大约有10mm/a的东西拉张，但不均匀，自西向东经历了由弱到强再有所减弱的过程，整个西部地区东边缘的东向运动表现为南强北弱的左旋特征；川滇菱形块体不是逃逸块体而是变形块体；青藏块体东缘及附近地区是东向运动的消减区带，面应变结果显示，青藏块体周边以面收缩为主，内部则以面膨胀为主；其以北的地区以面收缩为主（但压中有张），面应变的量级为10^-8/a。这样的变形结果，若只靠来处于印度板块的北向挤压是无法解释的。由此并结合最新的地球物理研究成果可推断或证实，地壳下部来自南向的物质涌入是控制青藏块体乃至中国大陆形变的另一大动力源，甚至可能是主导动力源；或者具有深、浅立体活动的某种协同性。  相似文献   

Influence Of The Atmosphere On Earth Rotation: What New Can Be Learned From The Recent Atmospheric Angular Momentum Estimates?     

Aleksander Brzeziński  Christian Bizouard  Sergei D. Petrov 《Surveys in Geophysics》2002,23(1):33-69

The interaction between the atmosphere and the underlying solid mantle is oneof the most important sources of changes in all three components of theEarth's rotation vector on different time scales. In this paper the NCEP/NCARreanalysis time series of four times daily atmospheric effective angularmomentum (EAM) estimates is used to investigate some selected aspects of theatmospheric influence on Earth rotation. Emphasis is placed on thecontroversial features which were difficult or impossible to study using theoperational EAM data, such as excitation of the free oscillations in polarmotion, the Chandler wobble (CW) and the free core nutation (FCN), or theroles of diurnal and semidiurnal atmospheric tides and atmospheric normalmodes in the rotational dynamics of the Earth.  相似文献   

Interdecadal fluctuation of dry and wet climate boundaries in China in the past 50 years     

YANG Jian-ping  DING Yong-jian  CHEN Ren-sheng  LIU LIAN-you 《地理学报》2002,12(2):210-216

Based on the mean yearly precipitation and the total yearly evaporation data of 295 meteorological stations in China in 1951-1999, the aridity index is calculated in this paper. According to the aridity index, the climatic regions in China are classified into three types, namely, arid region, semi-arid region and humid region. Dry and wet climate boundaries in China fluctuate markedly and differentiate greatly in each region in the past 50 years. The fluctuation amplitudes are 20-400 km in Northeast China, 40-400 km in North China, 30-350 km in the eastern part of Northwest China and 40-370 km in Southwest China. Before the 1980s (including 1980), the climate tended to be dry in Northeast China and North China, to be wet in the eastern part of Northwest China and very wet in Southwest China. Since the 1990s there have been dry signs in Southwest China, the eastern part of Northwest China and North China. The climate becomes wetter in Northeast China. Semi-arid region is the transitional zone between humid and arid regions, the monsoon edge belt in China, and the susceptible region of environmental evolution. At the end of the 1960s dry and wet climate in China witnessed abrupt changes, changing wetness into dryness. Dry and wet climate boundaries show the fluctuation characteristics of the whole shifts and the opposite fluctuations of eastward, westward, southward and northward directions. The fluctuations of climatic boundaries and the dry and wet variations of climate have distinctive interdecadal features.  相似文献   

北京平原区元素的大气干湿沉降通量   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

丛源  陈岳龙  杨忠芳  侯青叶  王洪翠 《地质通报》2008,27(2):257-264

从2005年11月到2006年11月,采用被动方式同时采集了北京市平原区10个地点的大气干、湿沉降样品共计39件.分析干、湿沉降样品中K、Na、Ca、Mg、Cd、Hg、Pb、As、B、Mo、Mn、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni元素的含量,分别计算出各元素的年沉降通量.其中,有害金属元素Cd、Hg、Pb、As的年沉降通量的平均值分别为2.36、0.24、219.95、29.00(g/hm2·a).对比后发现,研究区大气Cd和Hg的年输入通量远远低于四川成都经济区,Cd和Hg的大气污染状况相对南方地区较轻,As和Pb的年输入通量相对成都经济区差异较小.研究区元素的大气沉降通量与同点位的土壤元素的相关分析表明,元素的沉降通量并不是农田生态系统中土壤元素的主要输入途径,大气沉降中的元素主要来自远源.  相似文献   

One‐year‐long runoff forecast by a single snowpack evaluation     

Rodolfo Soncini‐Sessa  Marialuisa Volta 《水文研究》2005,19(7):1419-1430

A degree‐day‐based model is presented for a 1 year ahead runoff forecast, with 1 day time steps. The input information is a single snowpack evaluation collected at the beginning of the snowmelt season. The snow‐cover dynamics, the key information for long‐term snowmelt forecast, are described by the snow‐line dynamics, i.e. by the movements of the downhill snowpack limit. The snowmelt volume, estimated by the snow‐line dynamics, is the exogenous input of an autoregressive transformation model. The model is calibrated by a least‐squares procedure on the basis of observed daily runoff data and the corresponding measurements of the snowpack volume (one measurement per year). A real‐world case study on the Alto Tunuyan River basin (2380 km², Argentinean Andes) is presented. The 1 year ahead Alto Tunuyan River runoff patterns, computed for both calibration and validation periods, reveal high agreement with observed streamflows. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献