Recent ventifact development on the central Oregon coast,western USA     

Jasper Knight  Helene Burningham 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2003,28(1):87-98

The unusual location of ventifacts, on a boulder‐built jetty at the mouth of the Siuslaw River, Oregon coast, western USA, allows ventifact age and wind abrasion rates to be estimated with some precision. The jetty was built mainly between 1892–1901 and extended throughout the twentieth century. Consideration of historical shoreline position and the history of jetty construction and repair suggests the ventifacts have formed since about 1930. Morphologically the ventifacts are aligned south‐to‐north reflecting winter winds and sediment transport from the adjacent beach. Wind‐parallel grooves and ridges with sharp, sinuous crests are developed on inclined boulder surfaces on top of the jetty and reflect suspended sand transport in wind vortices. Deeply pitted surfaces on steep boulder surfaces nearest the beach reflect impact by saltating sand grains. Based on present wind regimes (1992–2000) from three regional weather stations, southerly winds above the sand transport threshold occur for 21·9–29·6 per cent of the time. Based on estimated depth of loss from boulder surfaces, wind abrasion rates are calculated to be on the order of 0·24–1·63 mm a^?1. This is the first well‐constrained field estimate of ventifact age and ventifaction rate from a modern coastal environment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Simulation and measurement of surface shear stress over isolated and closely spaced transverse dunes in a wind tunnel     

Ian J. Walker  William G. Nickling 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2003,28(10):1111-1124

Topographic interactions generate multidirectional and unsteady air?ow that limits the application of velocity pro?le approaches for estimating sediment transport over dunes. Results are presented from a series of wind tunnel simulations using Irwin‐type surface‐mounted pressure sensors to measure shear stress variability directly at the surface over both isolated and closely spaced sharp‐crested model dunes. Findings complement existing theories on secondary air?ow effects on stoss transport dynamics and provide new information on the in?uence of lee‐side air?ow patterns on dune morphodynamics. For all speeds investigated, turbulent unsteadiness at the dune toe indicates a greater, more variable surface shear, despite a signi?cant drop in time‐averaged measurements of streamwise shear stress at this location. This effect is believed suf?cient to inhibit sediment deposition at the toe and may be responsible for documented intermittency in sand transport in the toe region. On the stoss slope, streamline compression and ?ow acceleration cause an increase in ?ow steadiness and shear stress to a maximum at the crest that is double that at the toe of the isolated dune and 60–70 per cent greater than at ?ow reattachment on the lower stoss of closely spaced dunes. Streamwise ?ow accelerations, rather than turbulence, have greater in?uence on stress generation on the stoss and this effect increases with stoss slope distance and with incident wind speed. Reversed ?ow within the separation cell generates signi?cant surface shear (30–40 per cent of maximum values) for both spacings. This supports ?eld studies that suggest reversed ?ow is competent enough to return sediment to the dune directly or in a de?ected direction. High variability in shear at reattachment indicates impact of a turbulent shear layer that, despite low values of time‐averaged streamwise stress in this region, would inhibit sediment accumulation. Downwind of reattachment, shear stress and ?ow steadiness increase within 6 h (h = dune height) of reattachment and approach upwind values by 25 h. A distance of at least 30 h is suggested for full boundary layer recovery, which is comparable to ?uvial estimates. The Irwin sensor used in this study provides a reliable means to measure skin friction force responsible for sand transport and its robust, simple, and cost‐effective design shows promise for validating these ?ndings in natural dune settings. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

GIS在西部生态环境建设中的应用初探   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

黄芳 《北京测绘》2003,(3):13-16,24

GIS与西部生态环境建设的有机结合将是一项长期的、复杂的系统工程。笔者在严格论证了该项目实施的可行性之后,在可持续发展理论的指导下,运用空间分析方法,提出了项目实施的方案。在该方案中,对生态环境信息数据进行了分类,详述了空间数据文件存贮结构,查询管理子系统的开发,最后得出生态环境地理信息系统的总体结构,并简述了其功能。  相似文献   

Floodplain Residents' Preferences for Water Level Management Options in Flood Control Projects in Bangladesh     

Rasid  Harun  Haider  Wolfgang 《Natural Hazards》2003,28(1):101-129

A maximum difference conjoint (MDC) model was part of a questionnaire toassess floodplain residents' preferences for the outcomes of water level managementinside an enclosed embankment system on the left bank of the Dhaleswari River, calledthe Compartmentalization Pilot Project (CPP)-Tangail. The outcomes were described as(a) varied flood depths in the rice field, (b) incidence of flooding on the courtyard andinside homes, (c) changes in floodplain and culture fisheries, and (d) varied conditionsof drainage congestion. Following a standard survey, the respondents from inside andoutside a completed section of the compartment (Cluster 1b) were shown profiles of these flood management outcomes and were asked to indicate for each profile the one most preferred and the one least preferred item. The results of the study indicated that the respondents had a clear preference for preventing flooding of their homes and courtyards and for an ideal water depth of 2 ft in the aman rice fields. At the same time, they also showed a strong concern about malfunctioning of sluices and to a lesser extent about the changes in the fish habitat. The successful application of the MDC as an approach to model tradeoffs among rural residents of Bangladesh shows that a relatively complex quantitative survey method, incorporating choice cards as pictograms, can be applied successfully even in a developing country.  相似文献   

风应力对SST气候场和年际变率作用的诊断及数值研究     

李明  吴洪宝  高维英 《南京气象学院学报》2003,26(2):155-163

相关方法分析Nino3区SSTA和风应力的关系，发现前期风应力距平场与Nino3区SSTA有很好的相关关系，这种相关性超前8个月时就有所显现。影响Nino3区SSTA的主要风应力区域的位置随风应力超前的时间缩短均向中太平洋扩展。数值试验方法研究不同区域的风应力对热带太平洋SST作用的结果表明，强相关区域的风应力对形成和维持热带太平洋SST的气候场的作用不明显，而对SST的年际变率有重要贡献；相反，强相关区域以外的风应力对形成和维持热带太平洋SST的气候场起重要作用，但是对SST的年际变率所起的作用很不理想。  相似文献   

天津气象塔风温梯度观测资料的统计特征   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

解以扬  刘学军 《气象》2003,29(1):12-16

利用天津气象塔风温梯度观测资料对其统计特征及平均风温廓线的日变化规律进行了分析，特别是分析了稳定层结的风温廓线特征，还给出了几种典型天气的低层大气结构的个例分析。  相似文献   

一次梅雨锋降水系统三维风场双、三雷达对比研究   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

周海光  王玉彬 《气象》2003,29(5):13-17

2002年，“我国重大气候和天气灾害的形成机理与预测理论研究”项目首次启用三多普勒天气雷达组网对暴雨系统进行同步观测，作者使用MUSCAT技术对6月24日梅雨锋雨带上的一个中β系统进行了双、三多普勒雷达三维风场对比分析，表明大气中低层辐合线是此次暴雨系统的一个重要特征。  相似文献   

矩形高层建筑扭转动力风荷载解析模型   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

梁枢果  刘胜春  张亮亮  王奇志  罗永宁  付晓丽 《地震工程与工程振动》2003,23(3):74-80

本文通过研究不同长宽比、高宽比的矩形棱柱体在边界层风洞中典型攻角下的扭矩，提出了矩形高层建筑扭矩功率谱密度、均方根扭矩系数和Strouhal数的经验公式，并对相干函数作了一定的探讨，建立了完整的扭转动力风荷载解析模型。该模型和试验结果吻合较好，证明它是合理有效的，可在此基础上建立高层建筑扭转动力响应频域计算方法。  相似文献   

沈阳2×200兆瓦低温核供热站厂址基准地面运动参数的确定   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

吴明大  钟以章  高静 《地震工程与工程振动》2003,23(4):78-82

本文在综合厂址、近区域及区域地震地质资料的基础上,根据有关规范的要求,采用地震构造法、最大历史地震法和概率法分别计算了沈阳2×200兆瓦低温核供热站厂址的极限安全地震动SL-2,计算结果分别为200Gal、125Gal和170Gal。取三者最大值,厂址SL-2应当是200gal。厂址基岩地面运动SL-2水平向加速度反应谱取确定性法和概率法计算曲线的外包线作为用于厂址的基岩加速度反应谱。  相似文献   

热层风场的理论模拟与分析          下载免费PDF全文

雷久侯  刘立波  万卫星  栾晓莉 《地球物理学报》2003,46(6):736-742

通过求解中性大气Navier Stokes动量方程建立了一个时变的三维风场理论模式，利用目前新版的中性大气模式NRLMSISE 00及国际电离层参考模式IRI2000作为输入参数给出热层风场. 基于该模式，计算得到中等太阳活动年磁静日风场的变化形态及其受电场和离子曳力的影响. 同时，将Navier Stokes动量方程作不同形式的简化，并利用简化模式与本文的模式计算结果的对比，分析中性大气Navier Stokes动量方程中黏性项以及非线性项(U·Δ)U的作用. 结果表明，本文所建立伪三维风场模式给出的结果更为合理，而简化模式在某些地区尤其在低纬和赤道区不适用，黏性项及非线性项的作用不可忽略. 本文所建立的风场模式将对研究电离层动力学过程、电离层与热层的耦合过程以及空间天气学研究都有着重要意义.  相似文献