协同多时相波谱特征的不透水面信息级联提取     

帅艳民  马现伟  曲歌  邵聪颖  刘涛  刘守民  黄华兵  谷玲霄  拉提帕•吐尔汗江  梁继  李玲 《地球信息科学学报》2021,23(1):171-186

不透水面作为反应城市表征变化和区域城镇化的重要技术指标,其位置、图斑大小、空间分布等信息在地表水热循环和能量平衡等领域被广泛需求。传统方法大都基于单一时相信息提取不透水面,而忽略多时相所蕴含的丰富信息。因此,本文提出多时相信息融合的不透水面级联提取方法,利用Landsat-8 OLI遥感影像分析归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI）、改进的归一化水体指数（Modified Normalized Difference Water Index, MNDWI）和归一化建筑指数（Normalized Difference Building Index, NDBI）年内时序变化特点和典型地物间多时相波谱曲线的协同特征,并归纳不透水面多时相变化规律;再根据先验知识所获取的有效地表信息,进行多时相分级提取不透水面信息。此外,基于实地考察数据和同期2 m GF-1遥感影像屏幕数字化生成30 m不透水面图斑,进行精度验证、分析和对比单时相、四季相及多时相3种时序情况下的提取精度。结果表明：单时相提取不透水面总精度最低,四季相提取精度优于单时相,而多时相提取精度最高（精度可达93.66%,Kappa系数为0.81）。本方法在偏远城镇不透水面的有效识别中显露潜在优势,可为不透水面提取方法融合时序波谱特征提供新思路。  相似文献   

Soil and vegetation seasonal changes in the grazing Andean Mountain grasslands     

MU?OZ María ángeles  FAZ ángel 《山地科学学报》2014,11(5):1123-1137

Andean grasslands ecosystems are fragile environments with rigorous climatologic conditions and low and variable food for the grazing. The Apolobamba area is located in the Bolivian Andean Mountains. Its high grasslands provide a natural habitat for wild and domestic camelids such as vicuna（Vicugna vicugna） and alpaca（Lama pacos）. The botanical diversity plays an essential role in maintaining vital ecosystem functions. The objectives of this research were to determine the seasonal changes in soil properties, to study the vegetation changes during the wet and dry seasons and the influence of soil properties and camelid densities on the vegetation in the Apolobamba grasslands. Four zones with different vicuna populations were selected to be studied. The following soil parameters were determined： total organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations, pH and texture. The vegetation season changes were studied through botanical identification, above-ground biomass, plant cover and species richness. Results showed that some soil properties such as C/N ratio, CEC, silt and clay percentages kept stable against the seasonal changes. Generally, soil nutrients were relatively higher during the dry season in the surface and subsurface. The results did not point out the predominant vegetation growth during the wet season. The seasonal vegetation growth depended on each species. Thegood soil fertility corresponded to the highest plant cover. Soil fertility presented no influence on the above-ground biomass of the collected species. The negative influence of camelid grazing on soil properties could not be assessed. However, overgrazing could affect some plant species. Therefore, protection is needed in order to preserve the biodiversity in the Andean mountain grasslands.  相似文献   

Higher species diversity occurs in more fertile habitats without fertilizer disturbance in an alpine natural grassland community     

Dong Wang  Gao-Lin Wu  Xiao-Feng Chang  Zhi-Hua Shi  Lei Sun  Xue-Hong Wei 《山地科学学报》2014,11(3):755-761

Are there some relationships among species diversity and soil chemical properties of high altitude natural grasslands？ Plant community composition and chemical properties of soil samples were compared to investigate the relationship between soil and species diversity, and the richness in Tibetan alpine grasslands. Results showed that species diversity was significantly positively related to soil organic matter （SOM）, total nitrogen （TN）, available nitrogen （AN）, total phosphorus （TP）, available phosphorus （AP）, and available potassium （AK） in the high alpine grasslands. Margalefs species richness index was also significantly positively related to SOM, TN, AN, and TP. Most soil chemical properties showed significantly positive correlation with species diversity and Margalef＇s richness index. Our results suggested that higher plant species richness index and diversity occurred in more fertile soil habitats in high altitude natural grassland community. In practice, fertilization management for the restoration of degraded grassland should be conducted with reference to the nutrient levels ofnatural grassland without the additional artificial fertilizer and with higher species-diversity and richness index.  相似文献   

Biodiversity and invasibility: Distribution patterns of invasive plant species in the Himalayas,Nepal   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

BHATTARAI Khem Raj  M?REN Inger Elisabeth  SUBEDI Suresh Chandra 《山地科学学报》2014,11(3):688-696

Invasive plant species are exerting a serious threat to biological diversity in many regions of the world. To understand plant invasions this study aims to test which of the two plant invasiveness hypotheses; ‘low native diversity' vs. ‘high native diversity', is supported by the regional distribution patterns of invasive plant species in the Himalayas,Nepal. This study is based on data retrieved from published literatures and herbarium specimens. The relationship between invasive plant species distribution patterns and that of native plant species is elucidated by scatter plots, as well as by generalized linear models. The native plant species and invasive plant species have similar distribution patterns and the maximum number of invasive plant species is found in the same altitudinal range where the highest richness for native tree species is found. There is a clear trend of higher invasive plant richness in regions where native tree species richness is relatively high.Consequently, the native plant richness is highest in the central phytogeographic region, followed by the eastern and the western regions, respectively. The invasive plant species also follows a similar trend.Additionally, the invasive plant species richness was positively correlated with anthropogenic factors such as human population density and the number of visiting tourists. This study supports the hypothesis that ‘high native diversity' supports or facilitates invasive plant species. Further, it indicates that nativeand invasive plant species may require similar natural conditions, but that the invasive plant species seem more dependent and influenced by anthropogenic disturbance factors.  相似文献   

Uptake and recovery of soil nitrogen by bryophytes and vascular plants in an alpine meadow   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

WANG Jin-niu  SHI Fu-sun  XU Bo  WANG Qian  WU Yan  WU Ning 《山地科学学报》2014,11(2):475-484

Due to their particular physiology and life history traits, bryophytes are critical in regulating biogeochemical cycles and functions in alpine ecosystem. Hence, it is crucial to investigate their nutrient utilization strategies in comparison with vascular plants and understand their responses to the variation of growing season caused by climate change. Firstly, this study testified whether or not bryophytes can absorb nitrogen(N) directly from soil through spiking three chemical forms of 15N stable isotope tracer. Secondly, with stronger ability of carbohydrates assimilation and photosynthesis, it is supposed that N utilization efficiency of vascular plants is significantly higher than that of bryophytes. However, the recovery of soil N by bryophytes can still compete with vascular plants due to their greater phytomass. Thirdly, resource acquisition may be varied from the change of growing season, during which N pulse can be manipulated with 15N tracer addition at different time. Both of bryophytes and vascular plants contain more N in a longer growing season, and prefer inorganic over organic N. Bryophytes assimilate more NH4+ than NO3– and amino acid, which can be indicated from the greater shoot excess 15N of bryophytes. However, vascular plants prefer to absorb NO3– for their developed root systems and vascular tissue. Concerning the uptake of three forms N by bryophytes, there is significant difference between two manipulated lengths of growing season. Furthermore, the capacity of bryophytes to tolerate N-pollution may be lower than currently appreciated, which indicates the effect of climate change on asynchronous variation of soil N pools with plant requirements.  相似文献   

Species richness,diversity and density of understory vegetation along disturbance gradients in the Himalayan conifer forest     

Kesang WANGCHUK  András DARABANT  Prem Bahadur RAI  Maria WURZINGER  Werner ZOLLITSCH  Georg GRATZER 《山地科学学报》2014,11(5):1182-1191

We investigated whether species richness, diversity and density of understory herbaceous plants differed along logging(gap) and grazing(primarily by cattle) disturbance gradients, and sought to identify drivers of richness, diversity and density of understory vegetation of logged sites. A factorial experiment was conducted in the mixed conifer forest of Gidakom in Western Bhutan. Levels of the logging treatment included small(0.15 – 0.24 ha), medium(0.25 – 0.35 ha) and large(0.36 – 1.31 ha) gaps. The grazing treatment included grazed(primarily by cattle) and ungrazed(where herbivores were excluded by a fence) plots nested within each gap. Data were collected from 12 gaps(4 replicates at each level of logging) using the point intercept method. Shannon Weaver Diversity and Margalef's indices were used to estimate species diversity and describe species richness, respectively. Soil samples were analyzed for pH and nutrients. The interaction effect of logging and grazing was significant(p≤0.001) only on species diversity. Relative to ungrazed areas, species diversity was significantly higher(0.01≤p≤0.05) in medium grazed gaps. Under grazed conditions, soil P was negatively correlated with gap size and species diversity. While species diversity was positivelycorrelated(0.01≤p≤0.05) with soil N in grazed plots species richness was positively correlated(0.001≤p≤0.01) with soil N in ungrazed plots. Relative density of Yushania microphylla and Carex nubigena were higher under ungrazed conditions. Our study suggests that the combined effect of cattle grazing and logging results in higher species diversity of understory vegetation in medium and grazed gaps in mixed conifer forests of Bhutan,whereas increase or decrease in relative density of major species is determined primarily by the independent effects of grazing and logging. From management perspective, forest managers must refrain from creating large gaps to avoid loss of nutrients(mainly P and N), which may eventually affect tree regeneration. Managers intending to maintain understory vegetation diversity must consider the combined effects of grazing and logging, ensuring low to moderate grazing pressure.  相似文献   

贵州开阳磷矿开采对洋水河放射性核素的影响评价     

程馨  张成江  施泽明  倪师军 《地球科学与环境学报》2014,(2)

为探究磷矿资源采选对矿区周围水体天然放射性核素的影响,以贵州开阳磷矿洋水矿区洋水河为研究对象,测试和分析了河水及表层沉积物中铀和钍的质量浓度、质量分数和分布特征,并运用潜在生态危害指数法对沉积物中的铀进行生态风险评价。结果表明:受磷矿资源采选活动影响,洋水河河水中铀的平均质量浓度(0.958 44ng·mL-1)明显高于中国部分河水中铀的平均质量浓度,钍在河水中的质量浓度极低,接近于0,钍不易富集在河水中而铀易于富集;矿井冷却水中铀的质量浓度为2.87ng·mL-1,是河水中铀平均质量浓度的2.99倍,表层沉积物中铀平均质量分数为4.95×10-6,是中国水系沉积物背景平均值的2.24倍,钍的平均质量分数为5.43×10-6,低于中国水系沉积物元素背景平均值,钍和铀在沉积物中均有富集且富集程度相当;沉积物中铀的平均污染指数和潜在生态危害指数分别为1.06和5.30,总体上属于中等污染水平,其潜在生态风险程度为中等。  相似文献   

基于景观格局指数的基本农田保护区集中连片性研究——以济南市历城区为例   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

张保华  王雷  白振华  潘庆龙  汤庆新  肖燕 《山东国土资源》2014,30(2):80-82

耕地与基本农田保护是我国土地管理、土地利用规划的重要内容。新一轮土地利用总体规划修编及数据库建设中要求基本农田调整布局更加集中连片。该文应用景观格局指数,研究了济南市历城区基本农田保护区规划调整中集中连片性的变化。结果表明,除保护区图斑面积标准差外,图斑平均面积、图斑面积变异系数、图斑边界密度、最大斑块指数、平均欧式邻近距离5项指标均表明,规划调整后基本农田保护区布局上更加集中连片。为基本农田保护区布局的集中连片性判断提供了简便易行的方法。  相似文献   

土地经济生态位变化下的城乡空间景观格局表征——以广东省惠州市为例     

吴箐  李宇 《地理科学》2014,(6)

土地利用变化对生物多样性和生态过程有着深刻的影响,与城乡景观格局变化密切相关。尝试将土地利用变化驱动力——土地经济生态位的理论和方法引入到景观生态学当中,为城乡空间景观格局空间表征提供新的方法。通过选取表征景观格局指标的破碎化指数、分形维数,利用Envi4.8、Arcmap10.0,Fragstasts4.1等软件,以广东省惠州市为例,在分析土地经济生态位与景观类型、景观指数之间的关系基础上,对土地经济生态位变化下的城乡空间景观格局进行表征。结果表明:不同景观土地面积数量的增减与该类型土地经济生态位升降具有一致性的规律,土地经济生态位上升,相应的景观土地面积增大,反之则减小;土地经济生态位越小,表征景观格局的景观破碎化指数、分维数指数越大,破碎化指数与分维数指数的增减与土地经济生态位升降表现出一致性的规律,土地经济生态位上升,相应的破碎化指数、分维数指数则增大,反之则减小;城乡空间景观格局变化的发生主要出现在土地经济生态位高的区域。土地经济生态位的变化是城乡景观格局变化的重要影响因子,能够很好解释城乡空间景观格局特征。  相似文献   

基于可达性的城市功能用地空间格局演变研究——以江苏省淮安市为例     

尚正永  张小林  卢晓旭  周晓钟 《地理科学》2014,(2)

基于ArcGIS9.3平台,运用可达性分析技术,以江苏省淮安市为例,定量分析了城市功能用地可达性格局特征与演变。研究发现,城市功能用地可达性空间范围不断扩大,城市内部可达性水平变化不大,城市边缘的可达性变化较大;城市功能用地的空间分布与可达性水平关系密切,集中分布在可达性时间成本小的范围内;主要功能用地可达性空间格局演变表现出不同的特征,工业用地逐步由可达性成本小的城市核心区迁移到可达性成本相对较大的城市外围,居住用地相对均衡地分布在不同可达性时间范围内,小型公共设施用地主要分布于可达性时间成本小的城市核心区,大型公共设施用地则逐步迁移到可达性时间成本相对较大的城市外围;影响城市功能用地可达性格局及其演变的因素归纳为5个方面,包括地理环境、经济发展、交通引导、人口增长和政府调控。研究表明城市道路网可达性水平的提高,能够引导城市功能用地的空间布局,带动城市空间形态的演变。  相似文献