A Local Least-Squares Modification of Stokes’ Formula     

L.E. Sjöberg 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2005,49(1):23-30

The combination of Stokes formula and an Earth Gravity Model (EGM) for geoid determination has become a standard procedure. However, the way of modifying Stokes formula vary from author to author, and numerous methods of modification exist. Most methods are deterministic, with the primary goal of reducing the truncation bias committed by limiting the area of Stokes integration around the computation point, but there are also some stochastic methods with the explicit goal to reduce the global mean square error of the geoid height estimator stemming from the truncation bias as well as the random errors of the EGM and the gravity data. The latter estimators are thus, at least from a theoretical point of view, optimal in a global mean sense, but in a local sense they may be far from optimality.Here we take advantage of the error variance-covariance matrices of the EGM and the terrestrial gravity data to derive the modification parameters of Stokes kernel in a local least-squares sense. The solution is given for the unbiased type of modification of Stokes formula of Sjöberg (1991).  相似文献   

利用钾长石粉体水热合成13X沸石分子筛的晶化过程   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

章西焕  马鸿文  白峰 《现代地质》2007,21(3):584-590

实验研究了以钾长石粉体为原料水热合成13X沸石分子筛的晶化过程,确定了晶化过程的诱导期、晶化期和沸石晶体的平均生长速率。以钾长石焙烧熟料为前驱物合成13X沸石,反应混合物首先转变为铝硅酸钠（钾）凝胶,再逐步水热晶化为13X沸石;在反应物未完全转变为铝硅酸钠（钾）凝胶之前,13X沸石已开始结晶。13X沸石晶体的生成主要发生在凝胶相内部,是凝胶结构逐步趋于有序化的过程。13X沸石晶体生成是由凝胶相内的[TO₄]四面体相互连接,互套构成笼状结构。推测13X沸石形成机理为：硅酸根离子和铝酸根（+铁酸根）离子发生聚合反应,生成次级结构单元双六元环;双六元环进一步缩合,生成方钠石型笼;最后,方钠石型笼进一步相互联结,生成13X型沸石分子筛的硅铝骨架结构。  相似文献   

环境因素对蜗牛Achatina fulica壳体碳酸盐δ13C 组成影响的实验研究          下载免费PDF全文

朱莉莉  鲍睿  盛雪芬 《高校地质学报》2015,21(2):357

陆生蜗牛化石稳定同位素组成是一种良好的古环境信息载体,常被用于古环境古气候的重建。由于缺少古环境因子 对蜗牛壳体稳定同位素组成机理性的结论,因此越来越多的研究侧重于对现代蜗牛壳体的环境效应进行探讨。实验室蜗牛 饲养实验则可以通过控制环境因素来确定其对壳体碳酸盐稳定同位素组成的影响程度,从而得到较为确切的结果。该文在 前人的研究基础上,利用Achatina fulica 进行实验室饲养实验。结果表明,在相同的温、湿度下,同种食物喂养的蜗牛壳体 有非常稳定的分馏值,不同食物类型的结果有一定的差异,莴苣叶、玉米粉和饲料喂养的蜗牛壳体相对于食物的分馏值分 别为16.70‰±0.2‰,10.57‰±0.2‰和10.65‰±0.2‰;在20~30℃实验条件下,壳体δ13C并不受环境温度的影响,主要受食 物的影响,并得到两者之间的回归方程为δ13Cs=0.6665δ13Cv+6.2302（n=26）;无机碳酸盐对Achatina fulica 壳体文石δ13C值影 响很少;根据端元组分分析方法的统计结果显示,食物是Achatina fulica 壳体碳同位素组成的主要影响因素,贡献值约为 80％±5％,除此以外,大气CO2的贡献值约为20％±5％。  相似文献   

南极普里兹湾海域夏季表层水体颗粒有机碳及其同位素分布特征   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

尹希杰  李云海  乔磊  王爱军  徐勇航  陈坚 《极地研究》2014,26(1):159-167

基于中国第29次南极科学考察在普里兹湾海域采集的61个站位的表层悬浮体样品的颗粒有机碳(POC)及其稳定同位素(δ13CPOC)测试结果,结合卫星遥感解译的研究区海水表面温度(SST)、叶绿素a(Chl a)浓度和海冰覆盖率数据,研究了普里兹湾海域表层水体悬浮POC的分布特征,探讨了悬浮体中POC的来源及其形成过程。结果表明,2013年夏季普里兹湾表层悬浮POC浓度为0.28—0.84 mg·L-1,平均浓度为0.48 mg·L-1;δ13CPOC值的变化范围为-29.68‰—-26.30‰,平均值为-28.01‰。表层水体悬浮POC分布呈现近岸高于远岸,西部高于东部的特征。POC的高值区主要分布在冰架附近,与表层水体Chl a浓度和海冰覆盖率分布趋势基本一致,表明夏季普里兹湾表层水体悬浮POC主要由浮游植物现场生产,而浮游植物的生长受到了海冰的显著影响。在普里兹湾外部海域表层水体悬浮颗粒物δ13CPOC值从东向西逐渐偏负,而调查区东部从近岸向远海逐渐偏负,反映该海域δ13CPOC分布特征主要受到浮游植物吸收与固定CO2速率的影响。中山站附近海域δ13CPOC值显著偏负,可能是受到近岸海域陆源有机质输入和浮游生物种属改变的影响。  相似文献   

A prolonged warm and humid interval during marine isotope stage 13–15 as revealed by hydrographic reconstructions from the South China Sea (IMAGES MD972142)     

Pai-Sen Yu  Min-Te Chen   《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2011,40(6):349-1237

Variations of orbital-driven insolation, ice volume, and greenhouse gas effects have been proposed as major controlling factors in determining the timing and amplitude of Quaternary cyclic climate changes. However, it remains to be determined how the internal feedback in the tropical atmosphere and ocean and the coupling between the low- and high-latitude systems may have produced instability or non-cyclic changes in the long-term climate evolution. Such “abnormalities” have been reported increasingly from paleoclimatic reconstructions in East Asia and the western Pacific for a prolonged warm and humid climate interval during marine isotope stage (MIS) 13–15, ～475–610 kya. To better address the climate abnormality in MIS 13–15 that has been observed in the western Pacific, here we report high-resolution late Quaternary planktic foraminifer faunal abundance and faunal sea surface temperature (SST) records from the International Marine Past Global Change (IMAGES) program core MD972142, which was retrieved from the southeastern South China Sea (SCS). Our results indicate that the faunal assemblages and SSTs in the southeastern SCS express a substantially prolonged, unusual warm interglacial-type climate condition in MIS 13–15. The climate was abnormally warm during the cold MIS 14. Our study also suggests a lowering of sea surface salinity (SSS) during MIS 13–15. While the western Pacific climate experienced a persistently warm and humid period at MIS 14, a “normal” cooling (～2 °C) condition on the surface of the eastern equatorial Pacific existed concomitantly. While assessing possible interpretations of this “abnormal” climate interval in MIS 13–15, our study indicates that an enhanced interhemispheric and/or longitudinal temperature gradient across the basin-wide Pacific cannot be ruled out. A change in the sensitivity of the East Asian Monsoon (EAM) that controlled temperature and precipitation patterns in East Asia and the western Pacific is probably also important or responsible for this climate abnormality. Based on our evidence, we suggest that the tropical dynamics would have played a role in the climate abnormality in MIS 13–15, through maintaining or even increasing the longitudinal SST gradient in the equatorial Pacific, which may have intensified the low-latitude trade winds in the eastern component of the Walker Circulation that drove a longer duration and/or stronger intensity of the summer vs. winter EAM.  相似文献   

O-羧甲基壳聚糖的制备及其结构表征     

王钦权  王远红  吕志华 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2011,(Z1):356-358,364

本文以壳聚糖为原料,采用苯甲醛选择性的保护壳聚糖C2位氨基的方法,制备了O-羧甲基壳聚糖(O-CMC)。采用红外光谱及核磁共振波谱法对产物结构进行了表征,确定了羧甲基化反应只发生在壳聚糖的O位。该方法制备得到的O-CMC的羧甲基度为42.2%,反应选择性好,步骤简单,产率高达85%。  相似文献   

Stable carbon‐isotope record of shallow‐marine evaporative epicratonic basin carbonates,Ordovician Williston Basin,North America          下载免费PDF全文

Antun Husinec  Stig M. Bergström 《Sedimentology》2015,62(1):314-349

Secular variations in stable carbon‐isotope values of marine carbonates are used widely to correlate successions that lack high‐resolution index fossils. Various environmental processes, however, commonly may affect and alter the primary marine carbon‐isotope signal in shallow epicratonic basins. This study focuses on the marine carbon‐isotope record from the carbonate–evaporite succession of the upper Katian (Upper Ordovician) Red River Formation of the shallow epicratonic Williston Basin, USA. It documents the carbon‐isotope signal between the two major Ordovician positive shifts in δ¹³C, the early Katian Guttenberg and the Hirnantian excursions. Eight δ¹³C stages are identified based on positive excursions, shifts from positive to negative values and relatively uniform δ¹³C_carb values. A correlation between carbon‐isotope trends and the relative sea‐level changes based on gross facies stacking patterns shows no clear relation. Based on the available biostratigraphy and δ¹³C trends, the studied Williston Basin curves are tied to the isotope curves from the North American Midcontinent, Québec (Anticosti Island) and Estonia, which confirm the Late Katian age (Aphelognathus divergens Conodont Zone) of the upper Red River Formation. The differences in the δ¹³C overall trend and absolute values, coupled with the petrographic and cathodoluminescence evidence, suggest that the carbon‐isotope record has been affected by the syndepositional environmental processes in the shallow and periodically isolated Williston Basin, and stabilized by later burial diagenesis under reducing conditions and the presence of isotopically more negative fluids.  相似文献   

塔里木盆地西南缘表土碳同位素组成特征分析          下载免费PDF全文

琚立  冉敏  杨运鹏  王馨 《干旱区地理》2022,45(6):1805-1813

土壤碳同位素可以反映生长植被的同位素组成,从而进一步反映当时的植被类型以及气候环境状况。已有的研究显示,不同地区碳同位素与气候因子的关系存在显著差异,因此在不同区域开展土壤碳同位素与气候因子之间相关性关系分析对古气候的重建至关重要。通过采集塔里木盆地西缘帕米尔地区和盆地南缘和田地区策勒县的表土沉积物,分析测定后获得其有机碳同位素,并将该表土有机碳同位素数据与气候因子进行相关性分析,以探明研究区有机碳同位素组成特征及其潜在的气候意义。结果表明：帕米尔地区和策勒地区的表土碳同位素变化对气候因子的响应存在明显差异。气温方面,帕米尔地区与气温呈正相关,其中与冷季气温相关性最好（r=0.598,P<0.01）;策勒地区与气温呈负相关,其中与暖季气温相关性最好（r=-0.684,P<0.01）。降水方面,帕米尔地区与降水量的相关性不显著;策勒地区与年均降水量呈弱负相关,与暖季降水量呈弱正相关,与冷季降水量呈显著的负相关关系（r=-0.632,P<0.01）。上述分析表明基于沉积物有机碳同位素来重建古气候时应充分考虑区域差异的影响。  相似文献   

泥炭记录的帕米尔高原晚全新世温度变化研究     

王馨  冉敏  杨运鹏  琚立 《地理科学进展》2022,41(8):1467-1477

近年来,“全新世温度谜题”已经受到全球古气候学者的广泛关注,为了解决这一谜题,需要在全球不同区域进行更多的全新世温度重建。帕米尔高原位于亚洲内陆核心区域,目前有关帕米尔高原全新世气候变化的研究相对较少,且已有的研究主要集中于相对湿度(或降水)变化的研究,而涉及温度变化的成果则相对较少。论文首先研究了表土碳同位素与气候因子之间的相关关系,结果显示帕米尔高原的δ¹³C_org与温度正相关;进一步在7个AMS ¹⁴C测年数据的支持之下,基于175个泥炭δ¹³C_α-cellulose分析,重建了帕米尔高原过去约5000 a的温度变化历史。结果发现：帕米尔高原晚全新世以来整体呈现波动升温趋势,约5000~3600 cal a BP阶段处于缓慢降温期;约3600~200 cal a BP处于波动升温期;驱动机制分析显示,约3600 cal a BP之前温度下降主要是夏季太阳辐射下降导致的,约3600 cal a BP之后温度上升是由温室气体辐射强迫增强导致的。  相似文献   

三种新型数字探空仪GTS11、GTS12、GTS13性能评估          下载免费PDF全文

贺黔阳  李彦军  冉光辉  党雪妮 《中低纬山地气象》2022,46(2):114-117

根据2020年1－4、7月,3种新型探空仪在林芝探空站使用情况,选取最多有效资料,采用静态和动态分析的方法对其性能评估,结果表明：①1－4月新仪器不合格、重放仪器的百分率,由大到小排列,不合格：GTS13、GTS11、GTS12,重放：GTS11、GTS12、GTS13。② 7月20：00规定等压面层700～250hpa区间上,新仪器观测要素值的平均与标准值比较,偏差绝对值的最大偏差,由大到小排列,温度：GTS13、GTS11、GTS12。位势高度：GTS13、GTS11、GTS12。③新仪器单日20：00探空秒数据要素值与标准值比较,偏差的绝对值范围内出现次数所上百分比,由大到到小顺序排列,温度≤0.50℃：GTS13、GTS11、GTS12;湿度≤5%：GTS13、GTS11、GTS12。  相似文献