Primary magmas at Oldoinyo Lengai: The role of olivine melilitites   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

Jrg Keller  Anatoly N. Zaitsev  Daniel Wiedenmann 《Lithos》2006,91(1-4):150

The paper describes olivine melilitites at Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania, and from tuff cones from the Tanzanian rift valley in the vicinity of Oldoinyo Lengai. Oldoinyo Lengai is the only active carbonatite volcano and is distinguished by its alkali-rich natrocarbonatites. Lengai is also unique for its extreme peralkaline silicate lavas related directly to the natrocarbonatites. Primitive olivine melilitites are, according to their Mg# and Ni, Cr contents, the only candidates in the Lengai area for primary melt compositions. Incompatible trace elements, including REE, constrain the melting process in their sub-lithospheric sources to very low degrees of partial melting in the garnet stability field. The strong peralkaline trend at Oldoinyo Lengai is already recognisable in these primary or near-primary melts. More evolved olivine melilitites, with Mg# < 60 allow the fractionation line in its major and trace element expressions to be followed. Nevertheless, a large compositional gap separates the olivine melilitites and olivine-poorer melilitites from the phonolites and nephelinites that form the bulk of the Lengai cone. These silicate lavas show a high degree of peralkalinity and are highly evolved with very low Mg, Ni and Cr. Prominent examples of the recent evolution are the combeite–wollastonite nephelinites that are unique for Lengai. In their Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope relationships the olivine melilitites define a distinct group with the most depleted Sr and Nd ratios and the most radiogenic Pb isotopes. They are closest to a supposed HIMU end member of the Lengai evolution, which is characterised by an extreme spread in isotopic ratios, explained as a mixing line between HIMU and EM1-like mantle components.  相似文献   

Liquefied vs stratified sediment mobilization processes: Insight from the South of the Barbados accretionary prism   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

Eric Deville  Sophie-Hlne Guerlais  Yannick Callec  Roger Griboulard  Pascale Huyghe  Siegfried Lallemant  Alain Mascle  Mark Noble  Julien Schmitz  the collaboration of the Caramba working group 《Tectonophysics》2006,428(1-4):33-47

This paper discusses the nature and origin of subsurface sediment mobilization processes in deep marine clay-rich environments. In the studied area of the southern Barbados accretionary prism, new geophysical acquisitions have emphasized the spectacular widespread development of mud volcanoes that are well-developed along ramp anticlines and along sigmoidal rises with trends that are oblique to the axes of the main folds of the accretionary wedge. On some active mud volcanoes, heat-flow measurements show high positive anomalies related to high fluxes of mud transfer. The mobilized solid fraction expelled by the mud volcanoes does not originate from a unique source bed but from various formations pierced by the mud conduits and is driven by the water phase. The area studied also exhibits trends of structures corresponding to sub-circular massive local uplifts of deformed but well-preserved stratified sediments (turbidites and hemipelagics). No piercing shale diapirs have been encountered in this area. Some of these local uplift structures are complicated by the development of collapses, calderas, and superimposed mud volcanoes. Mud volcanism corresponds fundamentally to fluid displacement (water and gas), whereas massive sedimentary uplift corresponds to large vertical displacements of stratified solid levels but for which the deep cause could be partly the intrusion of mud plugs. Both are dynamic phenomena controlled by the development of overpressure at depth, contributing to sedimentary mobilizations.  相似文献   

The nature of Mawsonites (Ediacara fauna)     

A.J. van Loon   《Gondwana Research》2008,14(1-2):175

Some representatives of the Ediacara fauna have been later re-interpreted as pseudofossils. This was recently also done for Mawsonites, which was re-interpreted as a sedimentary structure formed due to interaction of a sand volcano (or water-escape structure) and a biomat. This sedimentary genesis appears not to be tenable, as several physical processes should have been involved, none of which is known from modern times or the geological past. It is concluded that Mawsonites must be considered as a fossil, either an imprint or a true fossil. This interpretation may be tested on one or more fragments of the structure.  相似文献   

大口径空气钻进工艺在大陆科学钻探中的应用          下载免费PDF全文

张秋冬  王兴民  张新春  邢向渠  申云飞  王俊杰  魏庆 《探矿工程》2014,41(5):10-13

云南腾冲火山-地热-构造带科学钻探工程钻遇多期火山喷发地层,地层空、渣、砂、漏等复杂情况严重。介绍了该复杂火山地层大口径空气钻进钻具、设备配套及施工工艺措施,对类似地层工程钻探施工有一定的借鉴意义。  相似文献   

徐深21-平1井轨迹控制技术          下载免费PDF全文

孟祥波  陈春雷  孙长青 《探矿工程》2014,41(1):30-32

徐深21-平1井完钻井深4955 m。在火山岩储层中横向穿行905 m,井眼轨迹控制精度要求高,并在登二泥岩段岩石可钻性达8级的情况下裸眼侧钻成功,为后续施工奠定了基础。简述了井身结构及轨迹剖面设计,分析了井眼轨迹控制难点,详细介绍了增斜段、侧钻段、水平段井眼轨迹控制情况。该井的成功钻探,为该区块水平井施工积累了宝贵经验。  相似文献   

内蒙古大梁道班地区大石寨组火山岩的地质地球化学特征及其构造环境探讨     

金松 《化工矿产地质》2014,(2):73-84

内蒙古锡林浩特大梁道班地区大石寨组火山岩为一套富铝富硅的中酸性钙碱性系列火山岩,岩性组合为安山岩、英安岩、流纹岩等;稀土总量较高且轻重稀土分异明显;Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素(HFSE)相对亏损,板内元素相对富集。将上述岩石地球化学特征与构造环境判别图解相结合分析,初步确定该地区大石寨组火山岩形成于活动大陆边缘向弧后盆地演化的构造环境中,因此进一步推断大梁道班地区内在早中二叠世处于板块汇聚阶段,西伯利亚板块与华北板块在贺根山一带缝合,这次板块碰撞也标志着本区内古亚洲洋的闭合。  相似文献   

Geochemical fingerprint of the primary magma composition in the marine tephras originated from the Baegdusan and Ulleung volcanoes     

《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2014

The intraplate Baegdusan (Changbai) and Ulleung volcanoes located on the border of China, North Korea, and East/Japan Sea, respectively, have been explained by appeals to both hotspots and asthenospheric mantle upwelling (wet plume) caused by the stagnant Pacific plate. To understand the origin of the Baegdusan and Ulleung volcanism, we performed geochemical analyses on the tephra deposits in the East/Japan Sea basins originating from the Baegdusan and Ulleung volcanoes. The volcanic glass in the tephra from the Baegdusan and Ulleung volcanoes ranged from alkaline trachyte to peralkaline rhyolite and from phonolite to trachyte, respectively. The tephra from the two intraplate volcanoes showed highly enriched incompatible elements, such as Tb, Nb, Hf, and Ta, distinct from those of the ordinary arc volcanoes of the Japanese islands. The straddle distribution of the Th/Yb and Ta/Yb ratios of the tephra deposits from the Baegdusan volcano may originate from the alkali basaltic magma resulting from mixing between the wet plume from the stagnant Pacific plate in the transition zone and the overlying shallow asthenospheric mantle. In contrast, the deposits from the Ulleung volcano show a minor contribution of the stagnant slab to the basaltic magma, implying either partial melting of a more enriched mantle, smaller degrees of partial melting of a garnet-bearing mantle source, or a combination of both processes as the magma genesis. Our study indicated that the Baegdusan and Ulleung volcanoes have different magma sources and evolutionary histories.  相似文献   

Basaltic thermals and Subplinian plumes: Constraints from acoustic measurements at Shishaldin volcano, Alaska     

Sylvie Vergniolle  Jacqueline Caplan-Auerbach 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2006,68(7-8):611-630

The 1999 basaltic eruption of Shishaldin volcano (Alaska, USA) included both Strombolian and Subplinian activity, as well as a “pre-Subplinian” phase interpreted as the local coalescence within a long foam in the conduit. Although few visual observations were made of the eruption, a great deal of information regarding gas velocity, gas flux at the vent and plume height may be inferred by using acoustic recordings of the eruption. By relating acoustic power to gas velocity, a time series of gas velocity is calculated for the Subplinian and pre-Subplinian phases. These time series show trends in gas velocity that are interpreted as plumes or, for those signals lasting only a short time, thermals. The Subplinian phase is shown to be composed of a thermal followed by five plumes with a total expelled gas volume of .The initiation of the Subplinian activity is probably related to the arrival of a large overpressurised bubble close to the top of the magma column. A gradual increase in low-frequency (0.01–0.5 Hz) signal prior to this “trigger bubble” may be due to the rise of the bubble in the conduit. This delay corresponds to a reservoir located at ≈3.9 km below the surface, in good agreement with studies on other volcanoes.The presence of two thermal phases is also identified in the middle of the pre-Subplinian phase with a total gas release of and . Gas velocity at the vent is found to be and for the Subplinian plumes and the pre-Subplinian thermals respectively.The agreement is very good between estimates of the gas flux from modelling the plume height and those obtained from acoustic measurements, leading to a new method by which eruption physical parameters may be quantified. Furthermore, direct measurements of gas velocity can be used for better estimates of the flux released during the eruption.  相似文献   

西藏班公湖-怒江缝合带美日切错组中酸性火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄、Sr-Nd-Hf同位素、岩石成因及其构造意义   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

韦少港  唐菊兴  宋扬  刘治博  王勤  林彬  贺文  冯军 《地质学报》2017,91(1):132-150

西藏班公湖-怒江缝合带是我国重要的斑岩铜金矿成矿带,成矿地质条件极为优越。多龙矿集区是班公湖-怒江缝合带西段典型斑岩-浅成低温热液型铜(金)超大型矿床,区内广泛分布着美日切错组喷溢相火山岩,但其岩石成因、源区属性、形成年代及地球化学动力学背景尚不明确。本文对美日切错组安山岩及流纹岩进行锆石U-Pb测年,获得结晶年龄分别为108.2±2.6Ma(MSWD=0.39)和109.3±2.2Ma(MSWD=1.70)。矿区安山岩及流纹岩具高硅(SiO2=60.89%~72.00%)、富钾(K2O=3.08%~5.53%)、富碱(K2O+Na2O=6.88%~8.96%)、准铝质-过铝质(A/CNK=0.92~1.28)特征,属于高钾钙碱性及钾玄岩系列岩石。其明显均富集轻稀土(LREE)及大离子亲石元素(LILE:Th、U、K、Pb及Rb),亏损重稀土(HREE)及高场强元素(HFSE:Ta、Nb、Ti及Zr),稀土总量(ΣREE)为141.52×10-6~236.05×10-6之间,LaN/YbN为10.42~11.05,δEu为0.65~0.80,具有中等负铕异常,显示出典型岛弧岩浆岩的特征。(87 Sr/86 Sr)i值为0.7050~0.7053,(143 Nd/144 Nd)i为0.5124~0.5126,εNd(t)值为-1.51~1.29,具有高Sr低Nd的特征。锆石Hf同位素分析结果表明,流纹岩εHf(t)为+11.6~+15.5,平均值为+13.8,两阶段模式年龄平均值为288.0Ma;安山岩εHf(t)为+3.4~+8.0,平均值为+4.8,两阶段模式年龄平均值为813.1Ma;表现出明显的幔源特征。综合研究表明,美日切错组火山岩为班公湖-怒江新特斯洋洋壳向北的俯冲背景下,由俯冲板片脱水产生流体交代地幔楔发生部分熔融形成原始玄武质岩浆,并在上升后,滞留在壳幔边界形成新生下地壳,新生下地壳与持续底侵幔源玄武质岩浆混合而部分熔融形成。其形成于典型岛弧的构造背景下,暗示班公湖-怒江洋在早白垩世晚期(108~109Ma)仍正在向北俯冲于羌塘地块之下,可能尚未关闭。  相似文献   

长白山天池火山CZK07钻所揭示的火山地层层序和火山作用特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

崔天日  钱程  江斌  唐振  张超  陆露  吴桐  陈会军  张渝金  杨柳 《地质学报》2017,91(11):2409-2422

长白山天池火山是地球上最大的活火山之一,其形成演化过程复杂。本文在对天池周边工程钻岩芯资料系统整理的基础上,以本次在北坡"U"形谷中开展的CZK07钻岩芯为研究对象,揭示天池火山白头山期火山锥体之下的火山喷发物物质组成和火山地层层序变化特征,分析火山活动过程中伴生火山作用的表现形式及断裂构造的活动特征。CZK07钻岩芯较全面地记录了天池火山早期活动、早期造盾、晚期造盾和造盾之后前造锥阶段火山活动的火山地层层序。其中天池火山早期活动记录由蚀变较强的流纹岩组成;早期造盾由军舰山组橄榄玄武岩夹辉石玄武岩组成,形成于上新世;晚期造盾由漫江组粗面质(橄榄)玄武岩夹粗面岩组成,形成于早更新世早期,且至少存在3期火山活动;造盾之后前造锥阶段的火山喷发物由小白山组粗面质熔岩及碎屑岩组成,形成于早更新世晚期。伴生的火山作用记录表现为造盾晚期的玄武质次火山活动,造锥阶段的粗面质次火山活动及伴随发生的蚀变和隐爆现象,及全新世大爆发阶段的隐爆角砾、热液蚀变和次火山活动等现象。天池火山地区晚新生代以来高角度张剪性断层的活动强烈,推测与"U"形谷的形成密切相关。  相似文献