Modeling study of growth and potential geohazard for LUSI mud volcano: East Java,Indonesia     

Bambang P. Istadi  Gatot H. Pramono  Prihadi Sumintadireja  Syamsu Alam 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2009

The mud volcano known as LUSI first erupted in May 2006 in East Java, Indonesia. The eruption has continued for over two years, and potentially will continue for many years to come, impacting an ever larger area. An obvious and significant question is how extensive the impacted area will become in the coming years. The answer is important for planning scenarios for the relocation of people and infrastructure and for managing the environment and economy. To make such a prediction, an understanding of the geological processes controlling the mud volcanic evolution is needed.  相似文献   

Cyclic activity of mud volcanoes: Evidences from Trinidad (SE Caribbean)     

E. Deville  S.-H. Guerlais 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2009

Fluid and solid transfer in mud volcanoes show different cyclic phases of activity, including catastrophic events and periods of relative quiescence characterized by moderate activity. This is notably well-shown by the compilation of historical data onshore Trinidad. It appears that each eruptive mud volcano has its own period of catastrophic activity, and this period is variable from one volcano to another. The frequency of the eruptions seems essentially controlled by local pressure regime within the sedimentary pile. The dynamics of expulsion of the mud volcanoes during the quiescent phases has been studied with the help of temperature measurements within the mud conduits. The mud temperature in these conduits is notably concurrently controlled by the gas flux (endothermic gas depressurizing induces a cooling effect), and by the mud flux (mud is a vector for convective heat transfer). Complex temperature distribution was observed in large conduits and pools. Especially in the bigger pools, the temperature distribution characterizes convective cells with an upward displacement of mud above the deep outlet, and ring-shaped rolls associated with the burial of the mud on the flanks of the pools. In tube-like shaped narrow conduits, the temperature is more regular, but we observed different types of profiles, with either downward increasing or decreasing temperatures. Near constant to even negative gradients compared to the general temperature gradient are typical for very dynamic fluid systems. The temperature profiles varied from one place to another, as well as over time. The temperatures measured within the conduits and their base show that the fluid flow is not constant but highly variable through short time-periods. We observed locally a significant daily change of the temperature of the expelled mud which shows also that the mud flux is changing very rapidly due to the migration dynamics of the mud in fracture systems. We also observed very short time-period cyclic variations with a frequency of several minutes. These high frequencies temperature changes could be related to the dynamics of two-phase flows (gas and mud) through the mud volcano conduits.  相似文献   

Sediment dynamics modulated by burrowing crab activities in contrasting SW Atlantic intertidal habitats     

Mauricio Escapa  Gerardo M.E. Perillo  Oscar Iribarne 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008

Biogenic bottom features, animal burrows and biological activities interact with the hydrodynamics of the sediment–water interface to produce altered patterns of sediment erosion, transport and deposition which have consequences for large-scale geomorphologic features. It has been suggested that depending on the hydrodynamic status of the habitat, the biological activity on the bottom may have a variety of effects. In some cases, different bioturbation activities by the same organism can result in different consequences. The burrowing crab Neohelice granulata is the most important bioturbator at SW Atlantic saltmarshes and tidal plains. Because of the great variety of habitats that this species may inhabit, it is possible to compare its bioturbation effects between zones dominated by different hydrodynamic conditions. Internal marsh microhabitats, tidal creeks bottoms and basins, and open mudflats were selected as contrasting zones for the comparison on a large saltmarsh at Bahía Blanca Estuary (Argentina). Crab burrows act as passive traps of sediment in all zones, because their entrances remain open during inundation periods at high tide. Mounds are generated when crabs remove sediments from the burrows to the surface and become distinctive features in all the zones. Two different mechanisms of sediment transport utilizing mounds as sediment sources were registered. In the first one, parts of fresh mound sediments were transported when exposed to water flow during flooding and ebbing tide, with higher mound erosion where currents were higher as compared to internal marsh habitats and open mudflats. In the second mechanism, mounds exposed to atmospheric influence during low tide became desiccated and cracked forming ellipsoidal blocks, which were then transported by currents in zones of intense water flow in the saltmarsh edge. Sedimentary dynamics varied between zones; crabs were promoting trapping of sediments in the internal saltmarsh (380 g m⁻² day⁻¹) and open mudflats (1.2 kg m⁻² day⁻¹), but were enhancing sediment removal in the saltmarsh edge (between 10 and 500 g m⁻² day⁻¹ in summer). The implication is that biologically mediated sedimentological changes could be different among microhabitats, potentially leading to contrasting geomorphologic effects within a particular ecosystem.  相似文献   

A giant (5.3 × 10 m) middle Miocene (c. 15 Ma) sediment mound (M1) above the Siri Canyon, Norwegian–Danish Basin: Origin and significance     

Katrine Juul Andresen  Ole Rn Clausen  Mads Huuse 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2009,26(8):1640-1655

A large-scale enigmatic mound structure (M1) has been discovered in middle Miocene strata of the Norwegian–Danish Basin, c. 10 km east and updip of the Central Graben. It is located about 1 km beneath the seabed and clearly resolved by a 3D seismic data set focused on the deeper, remobilised, sand-filled Siri Canyon. M1 comprises two culminations, up to 80 m high and up to 1400 m long, constituting a sediment volume of some 5.3 × 10⁷ m³. It is characterized by a hard reflection at the top, a soft reflection at the base, differential compaction relative to the surrounding sediments, and 10 ms TWT velocity pull up of underlying reflections, indicating a relatively fast mound fill, attributed to the presence of sand within the mound. Internal seismic reflections are arranged in an asymmetric concentric pattern, suggesting a progressive aggradation to the NW, downstream to a mid-Miocene contour current system. Numerous elongated pockmarks occur in the upper Miocene succession close to the mound and indicate that the study area was influenced by gas expulsion in the mid- and late Miocene.The reflection configuration, velocity, dimensions, regional setting, and isolated location can best be explained by interpreting the mound as a giant sand volcano extruded >1 km upward from the Siri Canyon during the middle Miocene (c. 15 Ma). The likely causes of this remarkable structure include gas charge and lateral pressure transfer from the Central Graben along the Siri Canyon reservoir. While this is the first such structure described from this part of the North Sea, similar-aged sand extrudites have recently been inferred from seismic observations in the North Viking Graben, thus suggesting that the mid-Miocene was a time of widespread and intense sediment remobilization and fluid expulsion in the North Sea.  相似文献   

D/H and O/O ratios of water in the crater lake at Kusatsu-Shirane volcano, Japan     

T. Ohba  J. Hirabayashi  K. Nogami 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2000,97(1-4)

The D/H and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratios of water in the active crater lake situated on the Kusatsu-Shirane volcano, Japan are about 20 and 6‰, respectively, higher than local meteoric water. The ratios show seasonal variations superimposed on a gradual change over nine years. The isotopic ratios started to increase in early 1990 and decrease in the spring of 1995. The seasonal variation which is high in winter and low in summer correlates with the temperature difference between lake water and ambient air. The large temperature difference in winter enhances the evaporation of lake water and produces the enriched isotopic ratios relative to the ratios in summer. The accumulation of snow and the decrease in the flux of meteoric water into the lake strengthens the winter-time isotopic enrichment. The enriched isotopic ratios of the lake water over a long time result from the addition of an end member with heavy isotopic ratios contained in a thermal fluid supplied to the lake. Considering the water balance in the lake, the isotopic ratios of the thermal fluid were found to be close to the lake water itself, suggesting the circulation of the lake water seeping through lake floor. Based on the correlation between Cl⁻concentration and the isotopic ratios, the contribution by the heavy end member was estimated to be 25–36% relative to the enrichment by evaporation. The heavy end member could be a liquid phase evolved from a parental fluid, which is a mixture of local meteoric water and a magmatic fluid as found in high-temperature volcanic gases.  相似文献   

Toward a revised hazard assessment at Merapi volcano, Central Java     

J. -C. Thouret  F. Lavigne  K. Kelfoun  S. Bronto 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2000,100(1-4)

Of 1.1 million people living on the flanks of the active Merapi volcano, 440,000 are at relatively high risk in areas prone to pyroclastic flows, surges, and lahars. For the last two centuries, the activity of Merapi has alternated regularly between long periods of viscous lava dome extrusion, and brief explosive episodes at 8–15 year intervals, which generated dome-collapse pyroclastic flows and destroyed part of the pre-existing domes. Violent explosive episodes on an average recurrence of 26–54 years have generated pyroclastic flows, surges, tephra-falls, and subsequent lahars. The 61 reported eruptions since the mid-1500s killed about 7000 people. The current hazard-zone map of Merapi (Pardyanto et al., 1978) portrays three areas, termed ‘forbidden zone’, ‘first danger zone’ and ‘second danger zone’, based on successively declining hazards. Revision of the hazard map is desirable, because it lacks details necessary to outline hazard zones with accuracy, in particular the valleys likely to be swept by lahars, and excludes some areas likely to be devastated by pyroclastic gravity-currents such as the 22 November 1994 surge. In addition, risk maps should be developed to incorporate social, technical, and economic factors of vulnerability.Eruptive hazard assessment at Merapi is based on reconstructed eruptive history, on eruptive behavior and scenarios, and on existing models and preliminary numerical modeling. Firstly, the reconstructed eruptive activity, in particular for the past 7000 years and from historical accounts of eruptions, helps to define the extent and recurrence frequency of the most hazardous phenomena (Newhall et al., 2000; Camus et al., 2000). Pyroclastic flows traveled as far as 9–15 km from the source, pyroclastic surges swept the flanks as far as 9–20 km away from the vent, thick tephra fall buried temples in the vicinity of Yogyakarta 25 km to the south, and subsequent lahars spilled down the radial valleys as far as 30 km to the west and south. At least one large edifice collapse has occurred in the past 7000 years (Newhall et al., 2000; Camus et al., 2000). Secondly, four eruption scenarios are portrayed as hazardous zones on two maps and derived from the past eruptive behavior of Merapi and from the most affected areas in the past. Thirdly, simple numerical simulation, based on a Digital Elevation Model, a stereo-pair of SPOT satellite images, and one 2D-orthoimage helps to simulate pyroclastic and lahar flowage on the flanks and in radial valley channels, and to outline areas likely to be devastated.Three major threats are identified: (1) a collapse of the summit dome in the short-to mid-term, that can release large-volume pyroclastic flows and high-energy surges towards the south–southwest sector of the volcano; (2) an explosive eruption, much larger than any since 1930, may sweep all the flanks of Merapi at least once every century; (3) a potential collapse of the summit area, involving the fumarolic field of Gendol and part of the southern flank, which can contribute to moderate-scale debris avalanches and debris flows.  相似文献   

腾冲火山地球化学综合观测站建设     

万登堡  李龙江  朱培跃  赵慈平  夏菲  张立  李金源  尤正云  段建新  郭志华 《地震研究》2000,23(2):239-248

在腾冲火山地区开展地球化学综合则监测火山活动重要而有效的方法之一。通过火山地区地下流体观测,可记录地壳应力应变、地温变化、气体及离子组份的释放量、释放方式和释放成分,进而可了解地壳内部岩浆活动与通道开启状况,为火山活动、构造活动、地震活动提供信息,开展监测、预测、对策研究。现腾冲火山地化综合观测站经科学下、选井、选址、选项,已完成基建及仪器安装等建设,基本测项已投入正常观测。  相似文献   

腾冲火山区某些地震学参数特征     

王绍晋  龙晓帆  曹刻 《地震研究》2000,23(2):95-99

测定了腾冲火山区地震震中位置和震源深度,对火山区及附近的震源深度、地震时距曲线和地震波速度等地震学参数特征作了分析。结果表明,腾冲火山区地震震源深度相对较小,向周围地区逐渐增大,震源深度分布的低值区,又是环境剪应力场的值分布区。腾冲火山区Ｐ、Ｓ波平均速度,明显比外围地区小,腾冲火山区存在低速区。这些地震学参数分布的差异,一方面反映出地区作为火山区的固有特征及其地域分布的大小,同时也揭示出腾冲火山在  相似文献   

由腾冲火山区数字地震资料研究火山区的应力场   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

秦嘉政  钱晓东  叶建庆  蔡绍平 《地震研究》2000,23(2):108-115

根据Ｂｒｕｎｅ（１９７０）地震震源破裂模式,导出了地面运动峰值速度参数（ｒ．ｖ）与应力降△σ或环境应力Ｏ值的依赖关系。利用腾冲火山地震数字化记录观测的峰值速度资料,研究了火山地区的应力降△σ和环境应力Ｏ值。结果给出,火山地区的应力降△σ多数在０．２～２．０ＭＰa之间,平均为０．９５ＭＰa;环境应力Ｏ值在０．７～３．０ＭＰa之间,平均为２．２ＭＰa,属于低应力地区。值得注意的是在最年轻的打鹰山－马鞍册火  相似文献   

用数字记录资料测定腾冲火山区的微震参数   总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3  

秦嘉政  李白基  叶建庆  蔡绍平 《地震研究》2000,23(2):124-131

利用数字化地震记录资料 ,测定了腾冲火山及其周围地区的地震基本参数 ,结果表明 ,腾冲火山区内的地震活动以微震为主 ,震级多数在 1～ 2 5级之间 ,且地震活动频度低 ;而周围地区的构造地震活动频繁 ,且强度大。在腾冲火山区内地震活动的空间分布也表现出明显的非均匀性 ,以腾冲县城以北 (即 2 5°N以北 )的火山区内地震活动少 ,而县城以南的火山区 (热海热田地区 )微震活动相对多 ,且以微震群的形式发生。根据C F Richter震级标度测定的震级结果 ,火山区的微震活动事件可达 0 4震级单位。震源深度的定位结果给出 ,火山地区的微震震源深度绝大多数在 1～ 6km的范围 ,属于典型的浅源地震 ,而周围地区构造地震的震源深度多多数大于 2 0km。腾冲火山区的微震活动分布、地震强度、及震源深度特征所表现的现象可能与地下岩浆体活动相关 ,显示了与火山热物质孕震机理有关的明显特征。  相似文献