Response of Atmospheric Low-frequency Wave to Oceanic Forcing in the Tropics     

FuZuntao  Zhao Qiang  QiaoFangli  Liu Shikuo 《大气科学进展》2000,17(4):569-575

1. IntroductionInvestigations about atmospheric LFW have been a focus of research since Madden andJulian/s outstanding analysis works (1971, 1972). Many dynamical and thermal mechanisms(Chao et al., 1996; Fu et al., 1998; Hendon et al., 1998; Krishnamurti et al., 1988; Lau andChan, 1988) have been advised to explain LFW. Among them are oceanic effects, such as SSTeffect, thermal forcing and others. Usually atmosphere and ocean are taken as a coupled system, which is used to explain ENS…  相似文献   

Semiannual and annual variations in the height of the ionospheric F2-peak   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

H. Rishbeth  K. J. F. Sedgemore-Schulthess  T. Ulich 《Annales Geophysicae》2000,18(3):285-299

Ionosonde data from sixteen stations are used to study the semiannual and annual variations in the height of the ionospheric F2-peak, hmF2. The semiannual variation, which peaks shortly after equinox, has an amplitude of about 8 km at an average level of solar activity (10.7 cm flux = 140 units), both at noon and midnight. The annual variation has an amplitude of about 11 km at northern midlatitudes, peaking in early summer; and is larger at southern stations, where it peaks in late summer. Both annual and semiannual amplitudes increase with increasing solar activity by day, but not at night. The semiannual variation in hmF2 is unrelated to the semiannual variation of the peak electron density NmF2, and is not reproduced by the CTIP and TIME-GCM computational models of the quiet-day thermosphere and ionosphere. The semiannual variation in hmF2 is approximately isobaric, in that its amplitude corresponds quite well to the semiannual variation in the height of fixed pressure-levels in the thermosphere, as represented by the MSIS empirical model. The annual variation is not isobaric. The annual mean of hmF2 increases with solar 10.7 cm flux, both by night and by day, on average by about 0.45 km/flux unit, rather smaller than the corresponding increase of height of constant pressure-levels in the MSIS model. The discrepancy may be due to solar-cycle variations of thermospheric winds. Although geomagnetic activity, which affects thermospheric density and temperature and therefore hmF2 also, is greatest at the equinoxes, this seems to account for less than half the semiannual variation of hmF2. The rest may be due to a semiannual variation of tidal and wave energy transmitted to the thermosphere from lower levels in the atmosphere.  相似文献   

The ALOMAR Rayleigh/Mie/Raman lidar: objectives, configuration, and performance     

U. von Zahn  G. von Cossart  J. Fiedler  K. H. Fricke  G. Nelke  G. Baumgarten  D. Rees  A. Hauchecorne  K. Adolfsen 《Annales Geophysicae》2000,18(7):815-833

We report on the development and current capabilities of the ALOMAR Rayleigh/Mie/Raman lidar. This instrument is one of the core instruments of the international ALOMAR facility, located near Andenes in Norway at 69°N and 16°E. The major task of the instrument is to perform advanced studies of the Arctic middle atmosphere over altitudes between about 15 to 90 km on a climatological basis. These studies address questions about the thermal structure of the Arctic middle atmosphere, the dynamical processes acting therein, and of aerosols in the form of stratospheric background aerosol, polar stratospheric clouds, noctilucent clouds, and injected aerosols of volcanic or anthropogenic origin. Furthermore, the lidar is meant to work together with other remote sensing instruments, both ground- and satellite-based, and with balloon- and rocket-borne instruments performing in situ observations. The instrument is basically a twin lidar, using two independent power lasers and two tiltable receiving telescopes. The power lasers are Nd:YAG lasers emitting at wavelengths 1064, 532, and 355 nm and producing 30 pulses per second each. The power lasers are highly stabilized in both their wavelengths and the directions of their laser beams. The laser beams are emitted into the atmosphere fully coaxial with the line-of-sight of the receiving telescopes. The latter use primary mirrors of 1.8 m diameter and are tiltable within 30° off zenith. Their fields-of-view have 180 rad angular diameter. Spectral separation, filtering, and detection of the received photons are made on an optical bench which carries, among a multitude of other optical components, three double Fabry-Perot interferometers (two for 532 and one for 355 nm) and one single Fabry-Perot interferometer (for 1064 nm). A number of separate detector channels also allow registration of photons which are produced by rotational-vibrational and rotational Raman scatter on N₂ and N₂+O₂ molecules, respectively. Currently, up to 36 detector channels simultaneously record the photons collected by the telescopes. The internal and external instrument operations are automated so that this very complex instrument can be operated by a single engineer. Currently the lidar is heavily used for measurements of temperature profiles, of cloud particle properties such as their altitude, particle densities and size distributions, and of stratospheric winds. Due to its very effective spectral and spatial filtering, the lidar has unique capabilities to work in full sunlight. Under these conditions it can measure temperatures up to 65 km altitude and determine particle size distributions of overhead noctilucent clouds. Due to its very high mechanical and optical stability, it can also employed efficiently under marginal weather conditions when data on the middle atmosphere can be collected only through small breaks in the tropospheric cloud layers.  相似文献   

The role of sodium bicarbonate in the nucleation of noctilucent clouds     

J. M. C. Plane 《Annales Geophysicae》2000,18(7):807-814

It is proposed that a component of meteoric smoke, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), provides particularly effective condensation nuclei for noctilucent clouds. This assertion is based on three conditions being met. The first is that NaHCO₃ is present at sufficient concentration (10⁴ cm^–3) in the upper mesosphere between 80 and 90 km. It is demonstrated that there is strong evidence for this based on recent laboratory measurements coupled with atmospheric modelling. The second condition is that the thermodynamics of NaHCO₃(H₂O)_n cluster formation allow spontaneous nucleation to occur under mesospheric conditions at temperatures below 140 K. The Gibbs free energy changes for forming clusters with n = 1 and 2 were computed from quantum calculations using hybrid density functional/Hartree-Fock (B3LYP) theory and a large basis set with added polarization and diffuse functions. The results were then extrapolated to higher n using an established dependence of the free energy on cluster size and the free energy for the sublimation of H₂O to bulk ice. A 1-dimensional model of sodium chemistry was then employed to show that spontaneous nucleation to form ice particles (n > 100) should occur between 84 and 89 km in the high-latitude summer mesosphere. The third condition is that other metallic components of meteoric smoke are less effective condensation nuclei, so that the total number of potential nuclei is small relative to the amount of available H₂O. Quantum calculations indicate that this is probably the case for major constituents such as Fe(OH)₂, FeO₃ and MgCO₃.  相似文献   

Description of the long-term ozone data series obtained from different instrumental techniques at a single location: the Observatoire de Haute-Provence (43.9°N, 5.7°E)     

M. Guirlet  P. Keckhut  S. Godin  G. Megie 《Annales Geophysicae》2000,18(10):1325-1339

  相似文献   

IMPACT: an implicit time integration scheme for chemical species and families     

G. D. Carver  P. A. Stott 《Annales Geophysicae》2000,18(3):337-346

The implicit time integration scheme of Stott and Harwood (1993) was proposed as an efficient scheme for use in three-dimensional chemical models of the atmosphere. The scheme was designed for chemistry schemes using chemical families, in which species with short lifetimes are grouped into longer-lived families. Further study with more complex chemistry, more species and reactions showed the scheme to be non-convergent and unstable under certain conditions; particularly for the perturbed chemical scenarios of polar stratospheric winters. In this work the scheme has been improved by revising the treatment of families and the convergence properties of the scheme. The new scheme has been named IMPACT (IMPlicit Algorithm for Chemical Time-stepping). It remains easy to implement and produces simulations that compare well with integrations using more accurate higher order schemes.  相似文献   

豫西熊耳山地区沙沟银铅锌矿床成矿的⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar年龄及其地质意义   总被引：16，自引：2，他引：16  

毛景文  郑榕芬  叶会寿  高建京  陈文 《矿床地质》2006,25(4):359-368

豫西沙沟、铁炉坪和蒿坪沟银铅锌矿构成秦岭地区最大的银矿集区,初步探明银金属储量约4000t。在这3个矿区中矿脉群受NE向断裂的控制,单个矿脉仅数厘米到数十厘米厚,但延长达数千米和延深数百米,矿石银品位极高,是一种罕见的工业性矿床。本次研究在沙沟矿区的近矿蚀变岩中选取绢云母和铬云母进行40Ar/39Ar年龄测定,获得坪年龄为(145.0±1.1)Ma和(147.0±1.5)Ma,相应的等时线年龄为(145.2±2.5)Ma和(147.6±2.3)Ma。这些年龄数据与熊耳山地区的三道庄—南泥湖钼钨矿成矿年龄基本相同,鉴于在沙沟矿区银铅锌矿脉于深部钼矿化越来越强以及在邻区可见到围绕中生代花岗岩体发育的斑岩型_矽卡岩型钼钨矿及外围的脉状和破碎带型铅锌银矿的矿化分带之现象,可以认为银铅锌与钼钨矿化属于同一成矿系统。  相似文献   

西秦岭寨上金矿床中石英和绢云母⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar定年   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6  

路彦明  李汉光  陈勇敢  张国利 《矿床地质》2006,25(5):590-597

寨上金矿是西秦岭地区近年新发现的大型金矿床。为确定该金矿床的成矿时代,对其含金石英、蚀变绢云母进行了40Ar/39Ar快中子活化法测定。2件样品的40Ar/39Ar坪年龄及等时线年龄分别为(130.62±1.38)Ma、(129.24±1.23)Ma和(125.28±1.26)Ma、(125.56±1.20)Ma,测试结果可信。40Ar/39Ar法年龄测定结果表明,寨上金矿床形成于燕山晚期,并可能历经了约5Ma时间最终形成。对西秦岭地区已有的金矿床测年数据进行分析后认为,该区可能存在3个金矿成矿高峰期,即220~170Ma、130Ma前后和50Ma左右。  相似文献   

Magnetic properties of soils from sites with different geological and environmental settings   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

Hana Fialov  Günter Maier  Eduard Petrovský  Ale&#x; Kapi ka  Tetyana Boyko  Robert Scholger  MAGPROX Team 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2006,59(4):273-283

Measurements of magnetic susceptibility of soils, reflecting magnetic enhancement of topsoils due to atmospherically deposited magnetic particles of industrial origin, are used recently in studies dealing with outlining polluted areas, as well as with approximate determination of soil contamination with heavy metals. One of the natural limitations of this method is magnetic enhancement of soils caused by weathering magnetically rich parent rock material. In this study we compare magnetic properties of soils from regions with different geological and environmental settings. Four areas in the Czech Republic and Austria were investigated, representing both magnetically rich and poor geology, as well as point-like and diffuse pollution sources. Topsoil and subsoil samples were investigated and the effect of geology and pollution was examined. Magnetic data including mass and volume magnetic susceptibility, frequency-dependent susceptibility, and main magnetic characteristics such as coercivity (Hc and Hcr) and magnetization (Ms and Mrs) parameters are compared with heavy metal contents. The aim of the paper is to assess the applicability of soil magnetometry under different geological-environmental conditions in terms of magnetic discrimination of dominant lithogenic/anthropogenic contributions to soil magnetic signature. Our results suggest that lithology represents the primary effect on soil magnetic properties. However, in case of significant atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic particles, this contribution can be clearly recognized, independent of the type of pollution source (point-like or diffuse), and discriminated from the lithogenic one. Different soil types apparently play no role. Possible effects of climate were not investigated in this study.  相似文献   

北山地区花岗岩类的^40Ar／^39Ar同位素年代学研究     

江思宏  聂凤军 《岩石学报》2006,22(11):2719-2732

首次对北山地区的乌珠尔嘎顺、额勒根、雀儿山、黑鹰山、狼娃山、明水和石板井等花岗岩体开展了高精度~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar同位素年代测定,共分析了10件样品,其中有6件获得了比较可靠的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar 同位素年龄数据,基本能够代表岩体的侵位年龄,分别为352.3±3.8Ma、271.76±0.88Ma、286.2±3.4Ma、272.0±4.7Ma、294.1±2.9Ma 和255.2±4.1Ma;其他4件样品尽管受后期热扰动较为强烈,但是也能够获得一些有价值的年龄信息。另外,受后期构造-热事件的影响,本文有6件样品发生了不同程度的 Ar 丢失,其中样品 NSS01-13钾长石 Ar 丢失最为严重,不能获得可靠的年龄,其他样品发生 Ar 丢失的时间主要集中在燕山期,少量在印支期。获得的这些~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar 测年数据与已经发表的其他~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar 测年数据记录下了北山地区多期次的构造-岩浆侵入活动事件。根据这些年龄数据,可以将北山地区自海西中期以来的岩浆活动归纳为5个阶段,分别是:①330～360Ma,海西中期花岗岩类侵入活动;②270～310Ma,与西伯利亚、哈萨克斯坦和塔里木三大板块碰撞的时间同期或稍晚的花岗岩类侵入活动;③250～270Ma,明显晚于主碰撞发生的时间,为海西晚期碰撞后花岗岩类侵入活动;④210～250Ma,印支期构造-岩浆活动;⑤169～195Ma,燕山早期岩浆活动。其中270～310Ma 同碰撞期花岗岩类最为发育,分布范围最广。尽管北山地区从前寒武纪到燕山期花岗岩类均有产出,但是规模最大、影响范围最广的岩浆侵入活动发生在海西晚期,反映了海西晚期西伯利亚、哈萨克斯坦和塔里木三大板块碰撞对接的构造事件。印支期和燕山期花岗岩类可能是在统一大陆形成之后由陆内强烈活化形成的。北山地区花岗岩类的高精度年代学测量可以构筑本区花岗岩类时空演化的精细格架,对于重塑本区大地构造演化历史、指导区域金属矿床的寻找具有重要的意义。  相似文献