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21.
22.
Eloïse Gaillou Aurlien Delaunay Benjamin Rondeau Martine Bouhnik-le-Coz Emmanuel Fritsch Guy Cornen Christophe Monnier 《Ore Geology Reviews》2008,34(1-2):113
Seventy-seven gem opals from ten countries were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) through a dilution process, in order to establish the nature of the impurities. The results are correlated to the mode of formation and physical properties and are instrumental in establishing the geographical origin of a gem opal. The geochemistry of an opal is shown to be dependant mostly on the host rock, at least for examples from Mexico and Brazil, even if modified by weathering processes. In order of decreasing concentration, the main impurities present are Al, Ca, Fe, K, Na, and Mg (more than 500 ppm). Other noticeable elements in lesser amounts are Ba, followed by Zr, Sr, Rb, U, and Pb. For the first time, geochemistry helps to discriminate some varieties of opals. The Ba content, as well as the chondrite-normalized REE pattern, are the keys to separating sedimentary opals (Ba > 110 ppm, Eu and Ce anomalies) from volcanic opals (Ba < 110 ppm, no Eu or Ce anomaly). The Ca content, and to a lesser extent that of Mg, Al, K and Nb, helps to distinguish gem opals from different volcanic environments. The limited range of concentrations for all elements in precious (play-of-color) compared to common opals, indicates that this variety must have very specific, or more restricted, conditions of formation. We tentatively interpreted the presence of impurities in terms of crystallochemistry, even if opal is a poorly crystallized or amorphous material. The main replacement is the substitution of Si4+ by Al3+ and Fe3+. The induced charge imbalance is compensated chiefly by Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ba2+, K+, and Na+. In terms of origin of color, greater concentrations of iron induce darker colors (from yellow to “chocolate brown”). This element inhibits luminescence for concentrations above 1000 ppm, whereas already a low content in U (≤ 1 ppm) induces a green luminescence. 相似文献
23.
Integrated approach for identification of potential groundwater zones in Seethanagaram Mandal of Vizianagaram District,Andhra Pradesh,India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Identifying a good site for groundwater exploration in hard rock terrain is a challenging task. In hard rocks, groundwater
occurs in secondary porosity developed due to weathering, fracturing, faulting, etc., which is highly variable within short
distance and contributing to near-surface inhomogeneity. In such situations topographic, hydrogeological and geomorphological
features provide useful clues for the selection of suitable sites.
Initially, based on satellite imagery, topographical, geomorphological and hydrogeological features, an area of about 149
km2 was demarcated as a promising zone for groundwater exploration in the hard rock tract of Seethanagaram Mandal, Vizianagaram
District, Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 50 Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were carried out using Wenner electrode
configuration. An interactive interpretation of the VES data sharpened the information inferred from geomorphological and
hydrogeological reconnaissance. Ten sites were recommended for drilling. Drilling with Down-The-Hole Hammer (DTH) was carried
out at the recommended sites down to 50 to 70 m depths. The interpreted VES results matched well with the drilled bore well
lithologs. The yields of bore wells vary from 900 to 9000 liters per hour (lph). 相似文献
24.
25.
内蒙古敖包吐萤石矿床的Sr、Nd、Pb同位素地球化学特征 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
敖包吐萤石矿床是内蒙古北部苏莫查干地区单一萤石矿集区中的一个代表性矿床,产于早二叠世大石寨组火山-沉积岩与早白垩世敖包吐花岗岩的接触带上。文章通过分析该矿床岩、矿石的微量元素和稀土元素,揭示出萤石的成矿作用可分为2个阶段,即交代作用和充填作用。交代作用过程中大石寨组的结晶灰岩可能为萤石的形成提供了部分Ca来源,萤石矿石的稀土元素配分模式与海水基本类似,具有Ce负异常;成矿作用后期主要表现为充填作用,形成颗粒粗大的萤石,表现为重稀土元素富集的特征,并随着萤石的沉淀析出,稀土元素总量逐渐下降,反映出成矿流体经历了较长期的演化过程。各地层单元、花岗岩体和萤石矿石的Sr、Nd、Pb同位素研究表明,萤石的放射性同位素组成具有壳、幔源混合的特点,成矿物质来源具有多源性。早白垩世敖包吐花岗岩可能是萤石中F的主要来源,而大石寨组的结晶灰岩则可能提供了Ca。另外,Pb、Nd同位素的极大不均一性,有可能是成矿流体在运移过程中对艾力格庙群放射性组分的选择性吸收的结果。萤石成矿作用与钾玄岩的时空关系暗示了萤石的成矿过程可能是中国东部岩石圈减薄和下地壳的置换地质事件的结果。在构造转型的过程中,燕山中期富碱的酸性花岗岩浆的活动分异出富含F的成矿流体,与幔源流体混合,沿区域重新活化的深大断裂和大石寨组的层间破碎带上升,交代其间的灰岩透镜体,从而形成敖包吐中型萤石矿床。 相似文献
26.
山东省济宁强磁异常区深部铁矿初步验证及其意义 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7
山东省济宁磁异常是一个重、磁同源体,面积大于100 km2,磁异常峰值为3800nT。钻探验证在孔深1041.57~1796.54m位置发现铁矿体,矿体总厚度74.04~220m,磁性铁平均品位15.89~25.19%。矿石类型有条带状方解磁铁石英岩和条带状磁铁石英大理岩,矿石的主要组成矿物为石英、方解石、磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿、菱铁矿。矿体产于济宁岩群浅变质岩系中,矿床特征与条带状铁建造(BIF)铁矿或鞍山式铁矿有明显区别,铁矿成因类型属与千枚岩、变质中酸性火山岩、大理岩有关的沉积变质型铁矿床。该区铁矿资源潜力巨大。 相似文献
27.
28.
Yuan-Bao Wu Shan Gao Hong-Fei Zhang Sai-Hong Yang Wen-Fang Jiao Yong-Sheng Liu Hong-Lin Yuan 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2008,155(1):123-133
The Hong’an area (western Dabie Mountains) is the westernmost terrane in the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogen that preserves UHP
eclogites. The ages of the UHP metamorphism have not been well constrained, and thus hinder our understanding of the tectonic
evolution of this area. LA-ICPMS U–Pb age, trace element and Hf isotope compositions of zircons of a granitic gneiss and an
eclogite from the Xinxian UHP unit in the Hong’an area were analyzed to constrain the age of the UHP metamorphism. Most zircons
are unzoned or show sector zoning. They have low trace element concentrations, without significant negative Eu anomalies.
These metamorphic zircons can be further subdivided into two groups according to their U–Pb ages, and trace element and Lu–Hf
isotope compositions. One group with an average age of 239 ± 2 Ma show relatively high and variable HREE contents (527 ≥ LuN ≥ 14) and 176Lu/177Hf ratios (0.00008–0.000931), indicating their growth prior to a great deal of garnet growth in the late stage of continental
subduction. The other group yields an average age of 227 ± 2 Ma, and shows consistent low HREE contents and 176Lu/177Hf ratios, suggesting their growth with concurrent garnet crystallization and/or recrystallization. These two groups of age
are taken as recording the time of prograde HP to UHP and retrograde UHP–HP stages, respectively. A few cores have high Th/U
ratios, high trace element contents, and a clear negative Eu anomaly. These features support a magmatic origin of these zircon
cores. The upper intercept ages of 771 ± 86 and 752 ± 70 Ma for the granitic gneiss and eclogite, respectively, indicate that
their protoliths probably formed as a bimodal suite in rifting zones in the northern margin of the Yangtze Block. Young Hf
model ages (T
DM1) of magmatic cores indicate juvenile (mantle-derived) materials were involved in their protolith formation.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
29.
Mauro Lo Cascio Yan Liang Nobumichi Shimizu Paul C. Hess 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2008,156(1):87-102
The grain-scale processes of peridotite melting were examined at 1,340°C and 1.5 GPa using reaction couples formed by juxtaposing
pre-synthesized clinopyroxenite against pre-synthesized orthopyroxenite or harzburgite in graphite and platinum-lined molybdenum
capsules. Reaction between the clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene-rich aggregates produces a melt-enriched, orthopyroxene-free,
olivine + clinopyroxene reactive boundary layer. Major and trace element abundance in clinopyroxene vary systematically across
the reactive boundary layer with compositional trends similar to the published clinopyroxene core-to-rim compositional variations
in the bulk lherzolite partial melting studies conducted at similar P–T conditions. The growth of the reactive boundary layer takes place at the expense of the orthopyroxenite or harzburgite and
is consistent with grain-scale processes that involve dissolution, precipitation, reprecipitation, and diffusive exchange
between the interstitial melt and surrounding crystals. An important consequence of dissolution–reprecipitation during crystal-melt
interaction is the dramatic decrease in diffusive reequilibration time between coexisting minerals and melt. This effect is
especially important for high charged, slow diffusing cations during peridotite melting and melt-rock reaction. Apparent clinopyroxene-melt
partition coefficients for REE, Sr, Y, Ti, and Zr, measured from reprecipitated clinopyroxene and coexisting melt in the reactive
boundary layer, approach their equilibrium values reported in the literature. Disequilibrium melting models based on volume
diffusion in solid limited mechanism are likely to significantly underestimate the rates at which major and trace elements
in residual minerals reequilibrate with their surrounding melt.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
30.
Shear strength characterization of municipal solid waste at the Suzhou landfill, China 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The current practice of slope stability analysis for a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill usually overlooks the dependence of waste properties on the fill age or embedment depth. Changes in shear strength of MSW as a function of fill age were investigated by performing field and laboratory studies on the Suzhou landfill in China. The field study included sampling from five boreholes advanced to the bottom of the landfill, cone penetration tests and monitoring of pore fluid pressures. Twenty-six borehole samples representative of different fill ages (0 to 13 years) were used to perform drained triaxial compression tests. The field and laboratory study showed that the waste body in the landfill can be sub-divided into several strata corresponding to different ranges of fill age. Each of the waste strata has individual composition and shear strength characteristics. The triaxial test results showed that the MSW samples exhibited a strain-hardening and contractive behavior. As the fill age of the waste increased from 1.7 years to 11 years, the cohesion mobilized at a strain level of 10% was found to decrease from 23.3 kPa to 0 kPa, and the mobilized friction angle at the same strain level increasing from 9.9° to 26°. For a confinement stress level greater than 50 kPa, the shear strength of the recently-placed MSW seemed to be lower than that of the older MSW. This behavior was consistent with the cone penetration test results. The field measurement of pore pressures revealed a perched leachate mound above an intermediate cover of soils and a substantial leachate mound near the bottom of the landfill. The measurements of shear strength properties and pore pressures were utilized to assess the slope stability of the Suzhou landfill. 相似文献