Understanding adaptation: What can social capital offer assessments of adaptive capacity?   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7  

Mark Pelling  Chris High 《Global Environmental Change》2005,15(4):308-319

The burgeoning interest in social capital within the climate change community represents a welcome move towards a concern for the behavioural elements of adaptive action and capacity. In this paper the case is put forward for a critical engagement with social capital. There is need for an open debate on the conceptual and analytical traps and opportunities that social capital presents. The paper contrasts three schools of thought on social capital and uses a social capital lens to map out current and future areas for research on adaptation to climate change. It identifies opportunities for using social capital to research adaptive capacity and action within communities of place and communities of practice.  相似文献   

Community composition of bacterioplankton and cell transport in lakes in two different drainage areas     

Eva S. Lindström  Ann-Kristin Bergström 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2005,67(2):210-219

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建设地震应急救援志愿者队伍提高城市综合防御能力     

薛润生  王海霞 《山西地震》2005,(3):28-30

介绍了2003年4月山西省永济市被中国地震局确定为社区地震应急救援试点城市后,在社区组建应急救援志愿者队伍的一系列举措及经验,认为社区作为防震减灾工作的基础单元,建立一支训练有素的应急救援志愿者队伍是非常必要的.  相似文献   

The decline of a model community-based conservation project: Governance, capacity, and devolution in Mahenye, Zimbabwe   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Peter J. Balint  Judith Mashinya 《Geoforum》2006,37(5):805-815

This paper reports the results of our research, conducted from June to August 2004, on the community-based conservation project in Mahenye, Zimbabwe. Previous studies have described this project as a model example of Zimbabwe’s CAMPFIRE program. We explore the project’s recent performance within the context of the country’s post-2000 political and economic crisis and address the implications of our findings for arguments supporting devolution of authority for natural resource management to the community level. These issues are related in that calls for devolution are at least partly contingent on the demonstrated capacity of local institutions to manage projects in the community interest despite difficult circumstances. In our research, we found that outcomes in Mahenye have deteriorated sharply from conditions described in earlier studies. We found further that local failures of leadership combined with the withdrawal of outside agencies responsible for oversight and assistance may be more to blame for this decline than the ongoing national turmoil. Our results suggest that even in apparently successful conservation and development projects, local participatory decision-making institutions are fragile and require continuing external support. Consequently, we argue for caution in promoting full devolution of authority to the community level without safeguards to maintain good governance and adequate capacity.  相似文献   

江西大岗山杉木人工林生态系统土壤呼吸研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

陈滨  赵广东  冷泠  王兵 《气象与减灾研究》2007,30(3):12-16

以江西大岗山杉木人工林为研究对象,采用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统及土壤呼吸叶室6400-09,在2005年4—10月和2006年4—10月,连续测定了2个生长季的土壤CO2释放速率,并对土壤呼吸规律进行了分析研究。结果表明,土壤呼吸的日动态和季节动态都呈单峰型;土壤呼吸速率与地表空气温度和0～10 cm土壤温度的指数回归关系良好,但单独用土壤含水率的变化解释土壤呼吸速率变异是不合适的。选择0～10 cm土壤温度和0～10 cm土壤含水率解释土壤呼吸速率的变异,双因子模型比单因子模型好。根据土壤呼吸速率与0～10 cm土壤温度的指数模型,结合试验地2006年1—12月的气象资料,计算出大岗山杉木人工林土壤呼吸年释放碳量为9.80 t.hm-2。  相似文献   

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地流沙下垫面土壤呼吸特征及影响因素分析     

郑新倩  彭冬梅  潘红林  杨帆 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2018,12(5):60-68

通过LI-COR8100A土壤碳通量观测系统分别于2013年1月、5月、10月和11月进行了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中流沙下垫面土壤呼吸速率测定试验,并分析了相应的土壤水热因子对呼吸速率的影响。结果表明:塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地土壤呼吸速率整体偏低,但具有明显的昼夜波动性和季节变化特征。研究区流沙土壤中可能存在的无机碳过程是导致夜间及凌晨的土壤呼吸速率为负值,白天为正值的主要原因。不同时段的土壤呼吸速率(Rs)分别与土壤表层0~5 cm平均土壤温度(T)和湿度(W)间存在较为同步的昼夜变化趋势且具有良好的回归关系。相对于单因素影响的回归分析,土壤温、湿度的协同作用能够从整体角度更好地解释土壤呼吸速率的变化情况。回归方程Rs=a+bT+cW和Rs=a+bT+cW+dTW可解释不同时段土壤呼吸速率76.0%以上的变化情况。这说明土壤温、湿度是控制土壤呼吸速率的主要环境因子。沙漠腹地土壤极低的水分条件成为土壤呼吸的限制性因子,呼吸速率对于作为限制性因子的土壤湿度的变化响应则更加直接,而对于土壤温度变化的敏感性就有所下降,导致土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度回归关系出现明显的时滞环现象。  相似文献   

Shaping and Sharing Responsibility: Social Memory and Social Learning in the Australian Rural Bushfire Landscape     

Karen Reid  Ruth Beilin  Jim McLennan 《社会与自然资源》2018,31(4):442-456

Responding to increased frequency and severity of bushfires, Australian governments called for “shared responsibility” for bushfire preparation and mitigation. This requires engagement between all sectors of community—government agencies, businesses, not-for-profit, and residents. Fire management agencies remain concerned about whether all communities in fire-prone landscapes are equally equipped to participate in sharing responsibility. A related question is how experience of bushfire influences subsequent community fire management practices. This paper addresses social learning and social memory in a landscape that has experienced repeat bushfires between 2006 and 2013. It examines the relationships between memory, learning and practice among a farming community in western Victoria and government agencies with bushfire management responsibility. Findings suggest that social learning and social memory interact and new practices emerge as the participants embrace “shared responsibility.” However, ambiguities remain about “what” is being shared and what being “responsible” means at different points in preparation and response.  相似文献   

Leadership and Trade-Offs Between Social–Ecological Outcomes in Community-Governed Forests     

Sanchayan Nath 《社会与自然资源》2018,31(7):790-806

I explore the effect of leadership on the trade-off between social and ecological outcomes of community driven efforts in governing forests globally. I do so by using logistic regression and QCA (qualitative comparative analysis) for the analysis of cross-sectional data from the International Forestry Resources and Institutions (IFRI) research program. While the net effect of leadership on the trade-off in forestry outcomes is significant, there are multiple causal paths via which various factors influence the trade-off in forestry outcomes. Some of these paths take place in the presence of leadership, while the presence or the absence of leadership is irrelevant for the rest of the paths. This finding indicates that leaders often play an important role in the decisionmaking process during the governance of forests, especially when hard decisions need to be taken.  相似文献   

Polychaete community structure in the South Eastern Arabian Sea continental margin (200–1000 m)     

《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2014

Macrofaunal polychaete communities (>500 µm) in the South Eastern Arabian Sea (SEAS) continental margin (200–1000 m) are described, based on three systematic surveys carried out in 9 transects (at ~200 m, 500 m and 1000 m) between 7°00′and 14°30′N latitudes. A total of 7938 polychaetes belonging to 195 species were obtained in 136 grab samples collected at 27 sites. Three distinct assemblages were identified in the northern part of the SEAS margin (10–14°30′N), occupying the three sampled depth strata (shelf edge, upper and mid-slope) and two assemblages (shelf edge and slope) in the south (7–10°N). Highest density of polychaetes and dominance of a few species were observed in the shelf edge, where the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) impinged on the seafloor, particularly in the northern transects. The resident fauna in this region (Cossura coasta, Paraonis gracilis, Prionospio spp. and Tharyx spp.) were characteristically of smaller size, and well suited to thrive in the sandy sediments in OMZ settings. Densities were lowest along the most northerly transect (T9), where dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were extremely low (<0.15 ml l⁻¹, i.e.<6.7 μmol l⁻¹). Beyond the realm of influence of the OMZ (i.e. mid-slope, ~1000 m), the faunal density decreased while species diversity increased. The relative proportion of silt increased with depth, and the dominance of the aforementioned species decreased, giving way to forms such as Paraprionospio pinnata, Notomastus sp., Eunoe sp. and lumbrinerids. Relatively high species richness and diversity were observed in the sandy sediments of the southern sector (7–9°N), where influence of the OMZ was less intense. The area was also characterized by certain species (e.g. Aionidella cirrobranchiata, Isolda pulchella) that were nearly absent in the northern region. The gradients in DO concentration across the core and lower boundary of the OMZ, along with bathymetric and latitudinal variation in sediment texture, were responsible for differences in polychaete size and community structure on the SEAS margin. Spatial and temporal variations were observed in organic matter (OM) content of the sediment, but these were not reflected in the density, diversity or distribution pattern of the polychaetes.  相似文献   

Temporal and spatial variation in the Nazaré Canyon (Western Iberian margin): Inter-annual and canyon heterogeneity effects on meiofauna biomass and diversity     

《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2014

The Nazaré Canyon on the Portuguese Margin (NE Atlantic) was sampled during spring-summer for three consecutive years (2005–2007), permitting the first inter-annual study of the meiofaunal communities at the Iberian Margin at two abyssal depths (~3500 m and ~4400 m). Using new and already published data, the meiofauna standing stocks (abundance and biomass) and nematode structural and functional diversity were investigated in relation to the sediment biogeochemistry (e.g. organic carbon, nitrogen, chlorophyll a, phaeopigments) and grain size. A conspicuous increase in sand content from 2005 to 2006 and decrease of phytodetritus at both sites, suggested the occurrence of one or more physical disturbance events. Nematode standing stocks and trophic diversity decreased after these events, seemingly followed by a recovery/recolonisation period in 2007, which was strongly correlated with an increase in the quantity and bioavailability of phytodetrital organic matter supplied. Changes in meiofauna assemblages, however, also differed between stations, likely because of the contrasting hydrodynamic and food supply conditions. Higher meiofauna and nematode abundances, biomass and trophic complexity were found at the shallowest canyon station, where the quantity, quality and bioavailability of food material were higher than at the deeper site. The present results suggest that even though inter-annual variations in the sedimentary environment can regulate the meiofauna in the abyssal Nazaré Canyon, heterogeneity between sampling locations in the canyon were more pronounced.  相似文献