艾比湖面积变化及对生态环境影响   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

苏宏超  巴音查汗  庞春花  吉锦环 《冰川冻土》2006,28(6):941-949

艾比湖在中更新世为鼎盛期,湖面积曾达3000 km²,贮水量700×10⁸m³,为良好的淡水湖.由于地壳运动和气候的暖干变化,湖面萎缩,到20世纪50年代初湖面积降至1070 km².自20世纪50年代以来,由于大规模的水土开发,灌区人口、灌溉面积和引水量大幅度增加,入湖水量急剧减少.从20世纪50年代至80年末,灌区人口增加了59.3×104人,灌区面积增加了16.43×104km²之多,净耗水量增加了8.13×10⁸m³左右.湖面积一度降至499 km²(1987年),湖水矿化度达100 g·L^-1左右.湖泊的萎缩,导致生态环境的劣变,表现为沙漠化程度加速,浮尘和沙暴天气增加,人畜受害,也导致野生动物的数量减少.20世纪80年代后,由于气候暖湿转型效应,降水和河川径流量有所增加.尤其是大力推广先进节水灌溉技术和退耕还林以及培育生态林等措施,使得入湖水量大幅度增加,特别是2001-2005年的5 a间,年均入湖水量达7.7×10⁸m³,比1989年增加了76%,湖水面积维持在800~950 km²左右.目前生态环境已有所恢复和改观,荒漠植被得到一定程度的修复,沙尘天气明显减少,已有野生动物出没其间.  相似文献   

内蒙古黄旗海不同粒级湖泊沉积物Rb、Sr组成与环境变化   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  

申洪源  贾玉连  李徐生  吴敬禄  魏灵  王朋岭 《地理学报》2006,61(11):1208-1217

内蒙古黄旗海湖泊沉积物剖面层次结构清晰完整,通过对该剖面全样、77 μm~20 μm和小于20 μm三个不同粒级Rb、Sr含量和磁化率的系统测定,结果表明,湖泊沉积物中小于20 μm粒级成分的Rb、Sr含量和Rb/Sr值变化阶段明显,Rb/Sr值与磁化率分布曲线十分吻合,因此,小于20 μm粒级成分的Rb/Sr值与磁化率包含更加真实的古气候环境信息。Rb/Sr值反映了风化的强度,因而可以作为指示夏季风环流强度的代用指标。黄旗海湖泊沉积物的地球化学Rb、Sr元素含量和Rb/Sr值以及磁化率值波动特征具有深刻的环境演变背景,由此揭示的环境特征在一定程度上反映了全新世气候千百年尺度的波动变化,与全球气候波动有关。  相似文献   

Holocene Foraminifera as Indicators of Relative Estuarine–Lagoonal and Oceanic Influences in Estuarine Sediments of the River Murray, South Australia: Volume 53, Number 3 (2000), pages 378–391     

John H. Cann  Robert P. Bourman  Elizabeth J. Barnett 《Quaternary Research》2000,54(3):378

In southeastern South Australia, the River Murray debouches through a coastal barrier separating euryhaline estuarine-lagoonal waters from the Southern Ocean. Depending upon the relative freshwater outflow of the river and ingress of the ocean, water salinity varies greatly within the lower estuary. Ammonia beccarii and Elphidium articulatum are euryhaline species of foraminifera that characterize the estuary and back-barrier Coorong Lagoon. The inner-shelf marine environment hosts an assemblage in which Discorbis dimidiatus, E. crispum, E. macelliforme, and various cibicidid species predominate. In cored sediments recovered from the shallow lower estuary, the relative abundance of A. beccarii + E. articulatum was compared with that of D. dimidiatus + E. crispum + E. macelliforme + other species. These data, and AMS radiocarbon ages determined for foraminifera and ostracods, provide evidence of a change from maximum oceanic influence (5255 ± 60 yr B.P.) to maximum estuarine influence (3605 ± 70 yr B.P.). Over this same time interval, sea level fell relatively by about 2 m. However, the event was also contemporaneous with falling water levels in several Victorian lakes, and it is thus attributed to onset of climatic aridity. Reduced precipitation in the River Murray catchment and reduced freshwater outflow enhanced development of the flood-tide delta and constriction of the mouth.  相似文献   

Orthogonal Variance Structures in Lake Water Quality Data and Their Use for Geo-chemical Classification of Dimictic, Glacial/Boreal Lakes     

Tomas K. E. Thierfelder 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2000,6(1):47-64

The accumulating volumes of data collected within environmental monitoring programs facilitate the use of exploratory statistical methods of data analysis as a supplement to traditional methods of characterizing lake water quality. When principal component analysis and multidimensional scaling are applied to a matrix containing approximately 24000 samples of lake water quality variables pH, alkalinity, conductivity, hardness, color, Secchi depth and total phosphorus concentration, it is found that the total matrix variance can be approximately reproduced in an orthogonal two-dimensional base with transformations of hardness and color as best principal component representatives. This base is suggested as an empirical lake classification standard where the variance structure of subset lake populations (such as single lakes) can be referenced to the water quality standard of the generic population. Since the principal axes of the base exclusively contain inorganic and organic related variables respectively, the combined inorganic/organic characteristics of the lake can be expressed with the hardness and color variables alone. With the data matrix being large enough to produce high significance levels, and with variable ranges wide enough to represent a majority of dimictic, glacial/boreal lakes, the analysis results should be valid in many lakes throughout the world.  相似文献   

洱海沉积物粒度记录与气候干湿变迁   总被引：21，自引：2，他引：19  

陈敬安  万国江 《沉积学报》2000,18(3):341-345

通过对洱海现代沉积物的精细采样,将放射性核素精确计年与沉积物粒度研究相结合,重建了 6 0 0多年来洱海区域气候的干湿变迁,为恢复百年尺度的气候干湿变化提供了一条新途径。研究结果表明,15世纪是洱海地区最为湿润的一个世纪;洱海区域存在 10 0a、2 0 0a两种时间尺度的气候干湿准周期波动;自 19世纪末以来洱海区域气候整体上向干旱化方向发展,目前正处于干旱期末期,预计气候将由干旱转向湿润。  相似文献   

Water chemistry of Lake Quilotoa (Ecuador) and assessment of natural hazards     

E. Aguilera  G. Chiodini  R. Cioni  M. Guidi  L. Marini  B. Raco 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2000,97(1-4)

A geochemical survey carried out in November 1993 revealed that Lake Quilotoa was composed by a thin (14 m) oxic epilimnion overlying a 200 m-thick anoxic hypolimnion. Dissolved CO₂ concentrations reached 1000 mg/kg in the lower stratum. Loss of CO₂ from epilimnetic waters, followed by calcite precipitation and a consequent lowering in density, was the apparent cause of the stratification.The Cl, SO₄ and HCO₃ contents of Lake Quilotoa are intermediate between those of acid–SO₄–Cl Crater lakes and those of neutral-HCO₃ Crater lakes, indicating that Lake Quilotoa has a ‘memory’ of the inflow and absorption of HC1- and S-bearing volcanic (magmatic) gases. The Mg/Ca ratios of the lake waters are governed by dissolution of local volcanic rocks or magmas, but K/Na ratios were likely modified by precipitation of alunite, a typical mineral in acid–SO₄–Cl Crater lakes.The constant concentrations of several conservative chemical species from lake surface to lake bottom suggest that physical, chemical and biological processes did not have enough time, after the last overturn, to cause significant changes in the contents of these chemical species. This lapse of time might be relatively large, but it cannot be established on the basis of available data. Besides, the lake may not be close to steady state. Mixing of Lake Quilotoa waters could presently be triggered by either cooling epilimnetic waters by 4°C or providing heat to hypolimnetic waters or by seismic activity.Although Quilotoa lake contains a huge amount of dissolved CO₂ (3×10¹¹ g), at present the risk of a dangerous limnic eruption seems to be nil even though some gas exsolution might occur if deep lake waters were brought to the surface. Carbon dioxide could build up to higher levels in deep waters than at present without any volcanic re-awakening, due to either a large inflow of relatively cool CO₂-rich gases, or possibly a long interval between overturns. Periodical geochemical surveys of Lake Quilotoa are, therefore, recommended.  相似文献   

洱海近代沉积物中碳-氮-硫-磷的地球化学记录   总被引：37，自引：5，他引：32  

万国江  白占国  王浩然  黄荣贵 《地球化学》2000,29(2):189-197

在＾２１０Ｐｂｅｘ和＾１３７Ｃs计年基础上,对采自洱海深水湖区沉积物柱芯进行了Ｃ ｉｎｏｒｇ（无机碳）、Ｃｏｒｇ（有机碳）、Ｎ、Ｓ含量和Ｐ开矿分析。Ｃｏｒｇ生趣剖面具“沉降－降解－堆积”三阶段分布特征,沉降和堆积通量分别为１２．７ｇ／（ｍ＾２．ａ）和７．２０ｇ／（ｍ＾２．ａ）;降解速率常数为０．０１７ａ＾－１,寄宿时间为４０a。Ｎ的生趣分布与Ｃｏｒｇ相似,沉降和堆积通量分别为２．６２ｇ／（ｍ＾２．ａ  相似文献   

吉林省长白山天池新生代火山喷发作用及火山灾害的环境效应     

王彦生  彭玉鲸  靳克  许文良 《吉林地质》2000,19(4):25-32

通过对吉林省长白山天池火山的研究及１：５万区域地质调查资料,将区内新生代上新世以来的火山活动划分为４个火山喷发旋回及１３个火山喷发期,对爆发性火山作用划分了岩浆型、蒸气－岩浆型（岩浆－蒸气型）和蒸气型三种类型。火山喷发动力学机制的研究,对长白山天池火山的稳定性作出补步评价,在此基础上,对该区生代上新世以来的火山喷发作用及其引发的火山灾害的环境效应进行了论述。并对火山喷发作用所产生的积极环境效应,提出了合理开发和利用的建议。  相似文献   

Reservoir sediments – a witness of mining and industrial development (Malter Reservoir, eastern Erzgebirge, Germany)     

J. Müller  H. Ruppert  Y. Muramatsu  J. Schneider 《Environmental Geology》2000,39(12):1341-1351

The Malter Reservoir is situated about 30 km south of Dresden (eastern Germany) in a historical mining area of the eastern Erzgebirge. It was built in 1913 for the protection from floodwaters, droughts and for generating electricity. The river Rote Wei?eritz is the main source of clastic input into the lake. Geochemical and sedimentological data of gravity-and piston-cores, recovered from the deepest point of the lake, document the environmental history of the drainage area since 1963. ¹³⁷Cs dating gives an average sedimentation rate of ∼2.9 cm/year. Within the whole core, heavy metals are strongly enriched (parentheses refer to enrichment factors as compared with average shale): cadmium (290), silver (140), bismuth (90), antimony (25), lead (21), zinc (14), tin (13), uranium (9), tungsten (9), molybdenum (5), copper (4), thallium (3) and chromium (2). Enrichments are detectable for the whole registered time-period of 81 years. Peaks of up to 27 mg/kg silver, 37 mg/kg bismuth, 91 mg/kg cadmium, 410 mg/kg chromium, 240 mg/kg copper, 20 mg/kg molybdenum, 14000 mg/kg phosphorus, 740 mg/kg lead, 6,5 mg/kg antimony, 74 mg/kg tin, 52 mg/kg tungsten and 1900 mg/kg zinc reflect local events caused by human impact. Inputs from different pollution sources at different times are represented by highly variable elemental concentrations and ratios within the core. High pH values within the water and the sediment column, the large adsorption capacity of the fine-grained C_org.-rich sediment, and the presence of low Eh-values and sulphide ions in the sediment prevent the remobilisation of the toxic elements. Erosion of these contaminated sediments during floods, channel flows or resuspension during removal of the sediments may lead to a downstream transfer of pollutants. Contents of P and C_org., as well as diatom abundance, indicate a change from oligotrophic to eutrophic conditions in the lake during ∼1940–1950. This was mainly caused by high agricultural activity in the drainage area. Reduced contents of Cu, Zn, Cd and Cr since the reunification of East and West Germany are obviously caused by increasing environmental protection measures, such as wastewater purification and especially the closing of contaminating industries. Revision received: 23 September 1999 · Accepted: 17 December 1999  相似文献   

Trace metal concentrations in lake and overbank sediments in southern Norway   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

S. Rognerud  D. Hongve  E. Fjeld  R. T. Ottesen 《Environmental Geology》2000,39(7):723-732

 As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, V, Se and Zn concentrations were determined and compared in lake and overbank sediments from 33 catchments without local pollution sources in southern Norway. There were no significant differences in concentrations of Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and V in overbank and pre-industrial lake sediments. In areas with shallow overburden, and significant influence from long-range atmospheric pollution, concentrations of As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Se, and Zn in overbank sediments were probably modified by vertical percolating water. In such areas, we suggest using lake sediments as a better sampling medium for mapping pre-industrial concentrations. Pre-industrial lake sediments yield natural concentrations of Hg and Se, which consist of both geogenic and natural atmospheric deposition. Important covariables like organic carbon content, Fe oxides, and fine mineral fraction were generally higher in pre-industrial lake sediments as compared to overbank sediments. By adjusting for such differences overbank sediments could be used as an alternative in mapping background concentrations of trace metals in regions with few lakes. Received: 19 February 1999 · Accepted: 17 April 1999  相似文献