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951.
952.
北京地区暴雨个例的观测敏感区研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
利用基于集合预报的相关方法对2009年7月23日发生在北京及周边地区的暴雨过程的观测敏感区进行了分析。通过WRF(Weather Research Forecast)三维变分方法对初始场进行随机扰动,形成30个初始集合样本,做了预报时效为12 h的集合预报。利用该方法分析检验区(北京及周边地区)累积降水[14:00(北京时间,下同)至20:00]相对于初始时刻(08:00)各基本要素的敏感性,确定感性要素及其对应的区域。研究发现初步确定的敏感性要素为水汽和温度,对应的敏感区分别位于北京的西南侧和北京的东北侧,且通过实况分析可知初步确定的敏感性要素和对应的敏感区具有明确的物理意义。还进一步通过观测系统模拟试验(OSSE)的资料同化验证所确定的敏感区,结果表明在水汽对应的敏感区内同化水汽对降水的预报结果有明显的改进;在温度对应的敏感区内同化温度,降水的预报准确率有了明显的提高,说明了初步确定的敏感性要素和敏感区的正确性。在水汽对应的敏感区内同化水汽的同时在温度对应的敏感区内同化温度,使降水预报的技巧有大幅度的提高,说明了温度和水汽的共同作用对提高降水预报准确率贡献最大。因此,通过基于集合预报的相关方法能够快速的确定敏感区。研究结果将为确定北京暴雨的观测敏感区提供参考。 相似文献
953.
A numerical simulation of a torrential rain event occurring in the Jiang-Huai Valley of China from 22-24 June 1999 is performed and analyzed by using the PSU/NCAR MM5 mesoscale non-hydrostatic model. The high-resolution model output data are utilized to diagnose the double front structure, and the distributions of potential temperature, equivalent potential temperature, and specific humidity in the vicinity of the Meiyu Front System (MYFS) in the Jiang-Huai Valley. The results show that both the potential temperature gradient and the specific humidity gradient have important impacts on the two strong equivalent potential temperature gradient zones associated with the double front structure of the MYFS, but the latter (moisture gradient) is more important. In addition, the tendency equation of specific humidity gradient is theoretically derived. It shows that variations of the specific humidity gradient are related to the advection, convergence/divergence, horizontal and vertical vorticities (secondary circulation) effects and the gradient of water vapor source/sink. As an example, the budget of the meridional component of the tendency equation is selected and diagnosed by using the above model simulation data of the torrential rain event. It is shown that the variation of the specific humidity gradient averaged throughout the simulation is mainly controlled by the convergence/divergence effect, the secondary circulation effect associated with the horizontal vorticities, and the water vapor source/sink effect. Since the water vapor source/sink is often formed from the phase change processes of water vapor in the air and thus directly associated with cloud and precipitation microphysics processes, the variation of the specific humidity gradient is closely related with cloud and precipitation microphysics and the distribution, development and evolution of cloud and rainfall systems. The double front structure of the MYFS provides an advantageous environmental condition for the development and movement of the mesoscale torrential rain system nearby. In turn, the development of the torrential rain exerts a signifiant impact on the MYFS through changing the thermal and moisture distributions. 相似文献
954.
Alcides Nobrega Sial Claudio Gaucher Marinho Alves da Silva Filho Valderez P. Ferreira Marcio M. Pimentel Luiz D. Lacerda Emmanoel V. Silva Filho Wilker Cezario 《Precambrian Research》2010
Two cap carbonates overlying glaciogenic diamictites crop out extensively in the eastern Vaza Barris Domain of the Sergipano Belt, northeastern Brazil. They are represented by carbonates of the Jacoca Formation, resting on top of diamictite of the Ribeiropolis Formation, and by the Olhos D’Agua Formation (carbonates, organic-rich towards the top), which overlies diamictite of the Palestina Formation. These two sequences were deformed and metamorphosed at sub-greenschist facies-conditions during the Brasiliano cycle (650–600 Ma). 相似文献
955.
If Jupiter and the Sun both formed directly from the same well-mixed proto-solar nebula, then their atmospheric compositions should be similar. However, direct sampling of Jupiter’s troposphere indicates that it is enriched in elements such as C, N, S, Ar, Kr, and Xe by 2-6× relative to the Sun (Wong, M.H., Lunine, J.I., Atreya, S.K., Johnson, T., Mahaffy, P.R., Owen, T.C., Encrenaz, T. [2008]. 219-246). Most existing models to explain this enrichment require an extremely cold proto-solar nebula which allows these heavy elements to condense, and cannot easily explain the observed variations between these species. We find that Jupiter’s atmospheric composition may be explained if the Solar System’s disk heterogeneously accretes small amounts of enriched material such as supernova ejecta from the interstellar medium during Jupiter’s formation. Our results are similar to, but substantially larger than, isotopic anomalies in terrestrial material that indicate the Solar System formed from multiple distinct reservoirs of material simultaneously with one or more nearby supernovas (Trinquier, A., Birck, J.-L., Allegre, C.J. [2007]. Astrophys. J. 655, 1179-1185). Such temporal and spatial heterogeneities could have been common at the time of the Solar System’s formation, rather than the cloud having a purely well-mixed ‘solar nebula’ composition. 相似文献
956.
F.J. Ciesla 《Icarus》2010,208(1):455-467
Refractory objects such as Calcium, Aluminum-rich Inclusions, Amoeboid Olivine Aggregates, and crystalline silicates, are found in primitive bodies throughout our Solar System. It is believed that these objects formed in the hot, inner solar nebula and were redistributed during the mass and angular momentum transport that took place during its early evolution. The ages of these objects thus offer possible clues about the timing and duration of this transport. Here we study how the dynamics of these refractory objects in the evolving solar nebula affected the age distribution of the grains that were available to be incorporated into planetesimals throughout the Solar System. It is found that while the high temperatures and conditions needed to form these refractory objects may have persisted for millions of years, it is those objects that formed in the first 105 years that dominate (make up over 90%) those that survive throughout most of the nebula. This is due to two effects: (1) the largest numbers of refractory grains are formed at this time period, as the disk is rapidly drained of mass during subsequent evolution and (2) the initially rapid spreading of the disk due to angular momentum transport helps preserve this early generation of grains as opposed to later generations. This implies that most refractory objects found in meteorites and comets formed in the first 105 years after the nebula formed. As these objects contained live 26Al, this constrains the time when short-lived radionuclides were introduced to the Solar System to no later than 105 years after the nebula formed. Further, this implies that the t=0 as defined by meteoritic materials represents at most, the instant when the solar nebula finished accreting significant amounts of materials from its parent molecular cloud. 相似文献
957.
In a set of 16 drop tower experiments the motion of sub-millimeter to millimeter-sized particles under microgravity was observed. Illumination by a halogen lamp induced acceleration of the particles due to photophoresis. Photophoresis on dust-free chondrules, on chondrules, glass spheres and metal spheres covered with SiC dust and on pure SiC dust aggregates was studied. This is the first time that photophoretic motion of millimeter-sized particles has been studied experimentally. The absolute values for the photophoretic force are consistent with theoretical expectations for spherical particles. The strength of the photophoretic force varies for chondrules, dust covered particles and pure dust from low to strong, respectively. The measurements support the idea that photophoresis in the early Solar System can be efficient to transport solid particles outward. 相似文献
958.
Fabien Stalport Yuan Yong Guan Patrice Coll Frédérique Macari Didier Chaput Hervé Cottin 《Planetary and Space Science》2010,58(12):1617-1624
The detection and identification of carbonates on Mars are of prime importance to establish the evolution of its atmosphere, correlated to the history of the liquid water, or even to determine the existence of a possible ancient biological activity. Till date, no large deposits of carbonates have been found. In fact, their detection is specific to local areas and in very low amounts. The absence of such deposits is commonly attributed to the harsh environmental conditions at the surface of Mars. Additionally, the presence of UV radiation has been proposed to explain their photodecomposition and hence their absence. However, contradictory results from laboratory experiments mimicking Mars’ surface UV radiation did not resolve the behaviour of carbonates in such an environment, which is why we exposed, in low Earth orbit and in laboratory experiments, both abiotic and biotic calcium carbonates to UV radiation of wavelength above 200 nm, the same spectral distribution as the one reaching the surface of Mars. For low Earth orbit (LEO) exposure, this was done for the UVolution experiment on board the BIOPAN ESA module, which was set outside a Russian Foton automated capsule, and exposed to space conditions for 12 days in September 2007. The targeted carbonates are biominerals and abiotic samples. Our laboratory results mainly show that the exposed carbonates appear to be stable to UV radiation if directly exposed to it. The LEO experiment results tend to the same conclusion, but the integrated exposition time to Solar UV during the experiment is not sufficient to be conclusive. However, the stability of the biominerals derived from the laboratory experiment could strengthen the interest to explore deeper their potential as life records at Mars. Hence, they should be considered as primary targets for in situ analyses during future missions. 相似文献
959.
简述了基于IBOB和Xilinx System Generator平台的射电望远镜宽带数字频谱仪系统的设计与应用;给出了双路400MHz、2048通道、16IP输出数字频谱仪系统的具体设计方案,并对该数字频谱仪器的性能指标进行了分析和测试,验证了方案的可行性;最后初步讨论了滤波器设备对后端系统的影响。 相似文献
960.