汶川特大地震中山岭隧道变形破坏特征及影响因素分析   总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22  

李天斌 《工程地质学报》2008,16(6):742-750

汶川大地震造成位于震中附近的都江堰-汶川公路多座隧道严重受损。本文通过现场调研、资料收集与分析,将地震区山岭隧道变形破坏的基本类型概括为洞口边坡崩塌与滑塌、洞门裂损、衬砌及围岩坍塌、衬砌开裂及错位、底板开裂及隆起、初期支护变形及开裂等。分析其影响因素,认为发震断裂的次级断层、基覆界面、洞口不稳定斜坡、高地应力环境下的软弱围岩对隧道强烈震害具有控制作用。以汶川地震给予隧道抗震的启示,建议强震区的山岭隧道应将洞口边坡防护、洞口明洞和洞门结构作为一个系统进行综合设计,在条件允许的情况下尽可能采用削竹式洞门结构;隧道穿越活动断裂带的次级断层时在其两侧一定范围内二次衬砌应采用钢筋混凝土结构;基覆界面、围岩软岩与硬岩之间的过渡地带、围岩质量突变地带等应采用改善围岩力学性质且让其渐变的措施进行处理。  相似文献   

1983～2006年新疆及邻区地震活动的时空格局分析     

朱创鑫  肖清华  马双飞  张旺生 《地质灾害与环境保护》2008,19(2):38-42

利用中国地震台网（CSN）地震目录整理了1983年以来发生在新疆及邻区ML≥3．0的浅源地震,并在MapGIS平台下,运用数字地图技术,制作了分震级、分年份、分月份系列地震图谱,分析地震发生的时空特征,表明：新疆及邻区地震呈带状分布,自北往南可分为阿尔泰地震带、天山地震带、西昆仑地震带和阿尔金地震带;各地震带活动水平不同,前3条地震带在2003年出现地震次数最高值,具有近10年的活动周期,阿尔金地震带地震次数最高值出现在1993年,有约5年的活动周期;各地震带带内活动水平也有一定差异,帕米尔地区地震最为频繁;年内地震主要集中在2、5、8、10月4个月份。  相似文献   

Changes in hydrogeological properties of the River Choushui alluvial fan aquifer due to the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan     

Cheng-Shin Jang  Chen-Wuing Liu  Yeeping Chia  Li-Hsin Cheng  You-Ching Chen 《Hydrogeology Journal》2008,16(2):389-397

Changes in hydrogeological properties of the River Choushui alluvial fan aquifer before and after the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan, have been identified using pumping tests. Three wells, SH2, YL2 and SC2, located in a compressional zone with high coseismic groundwater levels, were tested. The threshold of the aquifer deformation with respect to transmissivity (T) is greater than that with respect to storage coefficient (S). Decreases in the post-earthquake S are approximately 60% at SH2 and SC2, indicating aquifer compression after the Chi-Chi earthquake. Changes in the post-earthquake T range from 61% increase to 0.8% decrease. Moreover, results from anisotropy analysis of T at SC2 further illustrate that normal stresses induced by the Chi-Chi earthquake have consolidated soil particles. Soil particles dilated laterally after the earthquake, resulting in an increase of the equivalent T. The changes in hydrogeological properties have a considerable influence on spatiotemporal fluid pressure and horizontal groundwater movement, resulting in different amounts of drawdown during post-earthquake pumping.  相似文献   

基于免疫粒子群优化算法的影像纹理分类     

李林宜  李德仁 《测绘学报》2008,37(2):0-249

粒子群优化算法是基于群智能的随机全局优化方法,它源于对鸟群简化社会系统的模拟。为了提高标准粒子群优化算法的收敛性能,将生物免疫系统的记忆能力和多样性引入标准粒子群优化算法,提出一种免疫粒子群优化算法。在提取纹理样本Laws纹理能量模板特征、小波特征等纹理特征的基础上,提出针对分类问题的粒子表达方法和群体寻优策略,实现了基于免疫粒子群算法的纹理分类。实验结果表明,与标准粒子群优化算法相比,免疫粒子群优化算法在获取训练样本类别中心时具有较好的收敛性能,并且基于该算法的影像纹理分类具有较高的分类精度。  相似文献   

Rupture process of large earthquakes in the northern Mexico subduction zone     

Larry J. Ruff  Angus D. Miller 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1994,142(1):101-172

The Cocos plate subducts beneath North America at the Mexico trench. The northernmost segment of this trench, between the Orozco and Rivera fracture zones, has ruptured in a sequence of five large earthquakes from 1973 to 1985; the Jan. 30, 1973 Colima event (M _s 7.5) at the northern end of the segment near Rivera fracture zone; the Mar. 14, 1979 Petatlan event (M _s 7.6) at the southern end of the segment on the Orozco fracture zone; the Oct. 25, 1981 Playa Azul event (M _s 7.3) in the middle of the Michoacan gap; the Sept. 19, 1985 Michoacan mainshock (M _s 8.1); and the Sept. 21, 1985 Michoacan aftershock (M _s 7.6) that reruptured part of the Petatlan zone. Body wave inversion for the rupture process of these earthquakes finds the best: earthquake depth; focal mechanism; overall source time function; and seismic moment, for each earthquake. In addition, we have determined spatial concentrations of seismic moment release for the Colima earthquake, and the Michoacan mainshock and aftershock. These spatial concentrations of slip are interpreted as asperities; and the resultant asperity distribution for Mexico is compared to other subduction zones. The body wave inversion technique also determines theMoment Tensor Rate Functions; but there is no evidence for statistically significant changes in the moment tensor during rupture for any of the five earthquakes. An appendix describes theMoment Tensor Rate Functions methodology in detail.The systematic bias between global and regional determinations of epicentral locations in Mexico must be resolved to enable plotting of asperities with aftershocks and geographic features. We have spatially shifted all of our results to regional determinations of epicenters. The best point source depths for the five earthquakes are all above 30 km, consistent with the idea that the down-dip edge of the seismogenic plate interface in Mexico is shallow compared to other subduction zones. Consideration of uncertainties in the focal mechanisms allows us to state that all five earthquakes occurred on fault planes with the same strike (N65°W to N70°W) and dip (15±3°), except for the smaller Playa Azul event at the down-dip edge which has a steeper dip angle of 20 to 25°. However, the Petatlan earthquake does prefer a fault plane that is rotated to a more east-west orientation—one explanation may be that this earthquake is located near the crest of the subducting Orozco fracture zone. The slip vectors of all five earthquakes are similar and generally consistent with the NUVEL-predicted Cocos-North America convergence direction of N33°E for this segment. The most important deviation is the more northerly slip direction for the Petatlan earthquake. Also, the slip vectors from the Harvard CMT solutions for large and small events in this segment prefer an overall convergence direction of about N20°E to N25°E.All five earthquakes share a common feature in the rupture process: each earthquake has a small initial precursory arrival followed by a large pulse of moment release with a distinct onset. The delay time varies from 4 s for the Playa Azul event to 8 s for the Colima event. While there is some evidence of spatial concentration of moment release for each event, our overall asperity distribution for the northern Mexico segment consists of one clear asperity, in the epicentral region of the 1973 Colima earthquake, and then a scattering of diffuse and overlapping regions of high moment release for the remainder of the segment. This character is directly displayed in the overlapping of rupture zones between the 1979 Petatlan event and the 1985 Michoacan aftershock. This character of the asperity distribution is in contrast to the widely spaced distinct asperities in the northern Japan-Kuriles Islands subduction zone, but is somewhat similar to the asperity distributions found in the central Peru and Santa Cruz Islands subduction zones. Subduction of the Orozco fracture zone may strongly affect the seismogenic character as the overlapping rupture zones are located on the crest of the subducted fracture zone. There is also a distinct change in the physiography of the upper plate that coincides with the subducting fracture zone, and the Guerrero seismic gap to the south of the Petatlan earthquake is in the wake of the Orozco fracture zone. At the northern end, the Rivera fracture zone in the subducting plate and the Colima graben in the upper plate coincide with the northernmost extent of the Colima rupture zone.  相似文献   

铁砚磨穿指蘸墨 不用扬鞭自奋蹄——志《山西地震》创刊20周年     

袁正明 《山西地震》1993,(4)

回顾了《山西地震》创刊20年的历史,叙述了《山西地震》.编辑部在自身建设、执行科技期刊编排标准、为防震减灾事业默默奉献的情况,总结了经验、教训,指出了今后努力的方向.  相似文献   

新疆地震预报研究     

朱令人 《内陆地震》1993,7(2):90-105

新疆的地震预报是1970年开始的。二十多年来在“边观测、边研究、边预报”、“多路探索、多兵种联合作战”、“走综合预报之路”的方针指导下取得了长足的进展。建设了43个地震台站,投入189套仪器,建成了遍布全疆的地震无线通讯网,开展了历史地震调查和地震烈度区划工作,建立健全了地震会商预报制度,进行了多方面的地震预报研究。实际地震预报统计分析表明,扣除自然发震概率之后,趋势预报的成功率约0.3,短临预报的成功率约0.1。在前兆台网控制范围内取得了一些震例,说明地震确实是有前兆的,但又是非常复杂的。地震预报作为科学难题还有漫长的路要走。作者简要地讨论了地震观测的间接性和地震异常的离散性、难以区别的地震异常和地壳变动异常、建立在复杂现象基础上的地震前兆以及地震的混沌性对地震预报的影响等科学问题。  相似文献   

大别杂岩中混合岩的矿物空间分布研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王江海 《岩石矿物学杂志》1993,12(3):243-250

介绍了矿物空间分布研究的基本原理及两种统计方法(接触频数法和线切法)。作者对混合岩矿物空间分布的研究表明:(1)前人提出的统计方法存在方法上的缺陷和应用上的局限性,作者推导出矿物接触类型的概率公式;(2)部分浅色体中矿物显示聚集分布的特征,而绝大部分的浅色体中矿物具有分散分布的特点。结合质量平衡和地球化学研究认为:大别杂岩中主体混合岩成因机制是重熔和交代作用。  相似文献   

基于改进PSO-SVM的噪声稳健建筑物变形监测方法     

张建奇 《北京测绘》2021,35(2):166-171

对高层、超高层建筑物进行实时,高精度的变形监测对提前预防安全隐患,保证人民生命财产安全具有重要意义。建筑物变形作为一种典型的随机性和微弱性过程,噪声等误差的存在会影响从中提取有用的变形信息。针对该问题,提出一种改进粒子群(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)算法优化支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)的噪声稳健建筑物变形监测方法,利用改进PSO算法的全局搜索能力对SVM的核参数进行优化,提升预测精度的同时增强算法的噪声稳健性。基于实测数据的试验结果表明,相对于传统交叉验证SVM和小波方法,所提方法可以获得更高的变形预测精度,并且在低信噪比条件下优势更加明显。  相似文献   

“地震预警”法律概念的构成及延展     

李一行  陈华静 《中国地震》2021,37(3):641-648

“地震预警”法律概念是讨论和规范地震预警相关行为的基础,也是地震预警立法首先要明确的问题。目前,国家层面尚未制定专门的地震预警法律法规,地方已经颁布的管理办法中对“地震预警”法律概念的规定也不完全一致。随着地震预警立法进程的不断推进,“地震预警”法律概念的确定和统一愈发重要和迫切。“地震预警”法律概念应涵括其技术属性和社会属性,秉持完整规范、避免歧义的原则,将时间、空间、机理和影响等要素排列组合而成。为深入理解这一概念,本文还讨论了发布主体、预警客体、技术服务、法律责任等地震预警法律规范的基本内容。  相似文献