蒙脱石层间域的性质及其环境意义   总被引：28，自引：0，他引：28  

吴平霄  廖宗文 《地球科学进展》2000,15(2):184-189

蒙脱石矿物是土壤中比表面积大、分布很广的一种粘土矿物,也是土壤中主要的活性组分之一。蒙脱石层间域是一个特殊的化学反应场所。系统地评述了无机、有机阳离子、农药分子在蒙脱石层间域中的吸附、脱附、氧化还原、催化降解等反应机理,并指出它们的环境化学行为对环境的影响和意义。  相似文献   

The schoolroom asbestos abatement program: a public policy debacle     

M. Ross 《Environmental Geology》1995,26(3):182-188

It is estimated that nearly $100 billion has been spent on removal of asbestos-bearing materials from schoolrooms, public and commercial buildings, and homes. This removal continues to this day despite the publication of an advisory document in 1990 by the US Environmental Protection Agency that states most removal is unnecessary and is even counterproductive both in terms health protection and costs. Concern over low exposure to substances that are designated as carcinogens is based on the false concept that even the smallest exposure to such substances can increase cancer risk. The expression one molecule of a chemical or one asbestos fiber can possibly produce a tumor is repeated over and over until it is accepted as a truth. Over 1400 air samples taken in 219 North American school buildings show the average fiber level to be 0.00022 fibers per milliliter of air. Using the most pessimistic models and attendance in the school for 6 h a day, five days a week, for 14 years, the calculated risk is one excess cancer death per million lifetimes. In contrast, the risk of dying from a lightning strike is 35 deaths per million lifetimes. Ambient air asbestos concentrations measured in the chrysotile asbestos mining towns of Quebec are 220 to 2200 times greater than that measured in the average schoolroom, yet the women living their entire lives in these towns show no increased cancer risk. The asbestos abatement program in the United States is a public policy debacle.  相似文献   

沉积物污染和环境沉积学   总被引：44，自引：2，他引：44  

李任伟 《地球科学进展》1998,13(4):398-402

环境沉积学着重研究人类活动与沉积循环（包括风化作用、侵蚀作用、沉积作用和早期成岩作用）相互间的影响,寻求人类与自然协调发展的更佳方式。现在,全球河流、湖泊和海洋中沉积物污染严重,沉积学家应予以关注并为解决由此所产生的环境问题做出贡献。实际上,为了对沉积物环境质量进行评估和治理被污染的环境,需要沉积学家去研究污染物的时空分布与岩相、沉积相和沉积体系之间的相互关系,研究污染物在沉积作用和早期成岩作用中的行为,研究沉积物中污染物的存在形式等重要课题。  相似文献   

Green Watershed in Yunnan: a multi-scalar analysis of environmental non-governmental organisation (eNGO) relationships in China     

Ju-Han Zoe Wang  John Connell 《The Australian geographer》2016,47(2):215-232

Responding to China's major environmental challenges, researchers are increasingly exploring dynamics between international non-governmental organisations, the nation-state, and local communities. Much less understood are domestic environmental non-governmental organisations (eNGOs) and their interactions with actors across scales. This paper responds by exploring domestic eNGOs and interactions with institutional actors, including international donors, and with levels of Chinese government. The practices of eNGOs in China are influenced by interactions at various scales. Rather than being directly influenced by international partners and simply constrained by state regulations, Chinese eNGOs are embedded in more complex power relations. These interrelationships are exemplified in the operations of Green Watershed, a domestic eNGO working in Yunnan Province. Green Watershed has extensive interactions with international donors and various levels of government as a result of its national campaign and long-term local projects. Relationships between eNGOs’ international donors and the Chinese government are significant in influencing eNGO practice. NGO–government relations in China are inconsistent and constantly changing owing to the diverse interests and priorities of the various levels of government. The impacts of the local practice of Chinese eNGOs are deeply informed by their relationships both at and beyond the local level. Complex interrelationships make it difficult to achieve bottom-up, participatory resource management in China.  相似文献   

Undrained capacity of surface foundations with zero-tension interface under planar V-H-M loading     

《Computers and Geotechnics》2016

Undrained capacity of strip and circular surface foundations with a zero-tension interface on a deposit with varying degrees of strength heterogeneity is investigated by finite element analyses. The method for simulating the zero-tension interface numerically is validated. Failure envelopes for strip and circular surface foundations under undrained planar V-H-M loading are presented and compared with predictions from traditional bearing capacity theory. Similar capacity is predicted with both methods in V-H and V-M loading space while the traditional bearing capacity approach under-estimates the V-H-M capacity derived from the numerical analyses due to superposition of solutions for load inclination and eccentricity not adequately capturing the true soil response. An approximating expression is proposed to describe the shape of normalised V-H-M failure envelopes for strip and circular foundations with a zero-tension interface. The unifying expression enables implementation in an automated calculation tool resulting in essentially instantaneous generation of combined loading failure envelopes and optimisation of a foundation design as a function of foundation size or material factor. In contrast, the traditional bearing capacity theory approach or direct numerical analyses for a given scenario requires ad-hoc analyses covering a range of input variables in order to obtain the ‘best’ design.  相似文献   

基于高分一号数据的稀土矿山环境问题遥感监测     

吴亚楠  代晶晶  周萍  王俊华 《地质论评》2016,62(S1):411-412

离子吸附型稀土矿是1969年在我国江西赣南地区发现的一种新型外生矿物,具有储量丰富、稀土配分齐全、开采工艺简单等特征,是我国特有的宝贵资源,广泛应用于机械、农林、化工及航空航天等领域（王登红等,2013;邓茂春等,2013;代晶晶等,2013）。随着稀土需求量的不断增加,稀土越界开采和盗采现象时有发生,一些不法商人为了牟取暴利,罔顾环境,采取不当的开采方式,导致稀土矿区出现一系列环境问题（罗才贵等,2014;彭燕等,20016）,严重影响矿区的生态环境。遥感作为一种新兴的监测技术,被广泛应用于矿山开发调查与监测中,而大量的高分辨率遥感数据的出现,也为矿山遥感监测工作提供了数据保障（王龙飞,2014）。本文在前人研究的基础上,采用国产高分一号数据,以江西寻乌稀土矿区为例,开展了稀土矿山环境问题遥感监测研究,展示了高空间分辨率遥感技术在稀土矿山监测中的应用优势,为相关部门提供技术支持和决策依据。  相似文献   

水分子结构模式及液态固态水若干特征成因探讨     

濮培民  濮江平  朱政宾 《气象科学》2016,36(5):567-580

水是包括海洋大气在内的地球生态系统中极重要又有很多特殊性的物质。其特性的成因尚远非清晰。本文提出一种水分子(H_2O)结构及其固态液态水体的结构模式,探讨和模拟计算了其若干特征的成因,结果能较好符合实测值。(1)从氢(H)氧(O)原子结构和电子绕各原子核及相互绕行规律的等概率随机轨道中实现符合库伦力和开普勒运动规律的优势轨道耦合成平均状态稳定的准刚性的水分子结构。其核心是O原子与等距离分立其两侧的2个H原子构成的等腰三角形,其间距平方之比(H-H)_2/(H-O)_2=2.5;电子云活动空间为1个由4个等边三角形为面构成具有6个等长稜的正四面锥体结构水分子模式(可简称"水分子正锥体模式");该模式具有很大电偶极矩。(2)水分子的端点间在约0.27 nm距离内可以按"+""-"电荷吸引原则耦合。6个水分子将按正、负电荷对接耦合,连接成六边环形"壁"的"笼式隧道空间",可容纳其他物质,无电荷显示,电导率极地。(3)在空气中0℃以下凝结冰晶时三维不对称,"薄片"的雪花形成概率更大,其形态也按自相似原则体现了水分子结构的六角六边六针形的特征。(4)液态水分子维持固态水冰的"冰/水笼"结构模式,但由于2个氢原子上的电子同时到达1个"-"电荷端的概率为1/11,当0℃以上部份水分子能摆脱框架水分子束缚后,可以再耦合一个从框架上"脱落"的"自由水分子"使其进入水笼,从而水容积缩小;固体冰和液态水的密度之比为11/12=0.916 667。自由水分子和水笼框架上的水分子可以随时互换(在10-5s时间尺度上),并适应固体壁的形态,既是不可压缩,又有柔软、可变形特点;水在0~100℃时的空/占比达2.28,模式可解译高温高压的水汽中检测到2.16 g·cm-3,水热传导系数很大,比热容量很大,有"异常"的U形特点,且液态水的比热容量略大于固态水冰的热容量的1/2等特征。(5)讨论了水对O_2、H_2S、NaCl、KCl等的溶解度随温度变化的若干特征的成因和计算模式。通过NaCl饱和溶液实验,证实了本文模式。(6)与液态水体表面特征有关的特点及本文实际应用将在随后续文中讨论。  相似文献   

Toward an environmental justice of the rural-urban interface     

《Geoforum》2016

In this article, I make the case for an explicit extension of environmental justice research to the rural-urban interface or fringe. A more systematic exploration and synthesis of the blurred boundaries and transitional character of the interface might advance the empirical scope of environmental justice research while contributing to the environmental justice literature’s evolving treatment of space, ecology, and oppression. I subsequently synthesize previous research to outline some fringe characteristics, which signal the interface as a distinct geographical space deserving of closer attention in environmental justice studies, before proposing a few unique dimensions of injustice on the interface. In light of these new facets of rural-urban injustice, I finally outline some preliminary empirical and conceptual questions the interface might pose to environmental justice studies more broadly.  相似文献   

Assessing environmental justice through potential exposure to air pollution: A socio-spatial analysis in Madrid and Barcelona,Spain     

《Geoforum》2016

The concept of environmental justice (EJ) has recently gained currency, both as a factor for and a goal of sustainable development. Its implementation in practice implies establishing current environmental injustice patterns and analysing planning policies, with the aim to reduce socio-demographic inequalities in the negative environmental impact borne by different population groups. This paper proposes a method to assess differential exposure to excessive pollution levels by socio-demographic groups in intra-urban spaces.The approach developed in this paper is based upon GIS and quantitative spatial analysis techniques. It incorporates the idea of an ‘environmental justice weighting scale’ for policy-making, using normative pollution thresholds to measure inequalities more objectively and consistently. Spain’s two largest cities, Madrid and Barcelona, have been chosen as case-studies, taking nitrogen dioxide as the pollutant, and the geographic distribution of six vulnerable population groups (children, elderly people and international immigrants) in the year 2010. The results reveal that a large part of these groups suffer exposure to air pollution exceeding the maximum permitted levels disproportionately, which would imply a case of environmental injustice.  相似文献   

区域海洋减灾能力评估指标体系构建与权重量化   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

栗健  方伟华  国志兴  贾慧聪  杨洋  赵明利  管琴乐  黎舸  李仪  蔡大浩 《海洋科学》2016,40(9):117-127

为有效开展防灾减灾,需要充分了解区域海洋减灾能力现状,从而科学确定未来减灾能力建设的优先领域及重点工程。首先梳理了能力评估与灾害管理阶段、能力建设优先领域、能力评估对象与建设主体等要素之间的关系,以及评估指标体系共性设计与区域个性的关系;其次,通过组织部门及地方的相关减灾机构与专家开展多方参与式讨论,综合了海洋、水文、气象、民政、应急、教育及综合减灾等多个领域专家的减灾经验,构建了区域海洋减灾能力评估三级指标体系,包括6个一级指标、21个二级指标及136个三级指标;然后,基于专家问卷(有效问卷69份)及层次分析(AHP)方法,量化了三级指标体系中各指标的权重。区域海洋减灾能力评估三级指标体系及指标权重成果已在相关市县开展了评估试点应用,为未来在全国范围开展区域海洋减灾能力评估奠定了良好基础。  相似文献