MULTIDISCIPLINARY INVESTIGATIONS ON THREE ROCK GLACIERS IN THE SWISS ALPS: LEGACIES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES     

SARAH M. SPRINGMAN  LUKAS U. ARENSON  YUKO YAMAMOTO  HANSRUEDI MAURER  ANDREW KOS  THOMAS BUCHLI  GUIDO DERUNGS 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2012,94(2):215-243

This paper recognizes the contribution of Professor Wilfried Haeberli for his inspiration and leadership in the field of permafrost science and his generous encouragement, both direct and indirect, to the ETH Researchers who have, through him, endeavoured to contribute to this fascinating research area. The multidisciplinary investigations described in this paper have focused on three rock glaciers, Muragl, Murtèl‐Corvatsch and Furggwanghorn, all of which have been subject to a varying degree of prior study, and which are continuing to attract new generations of researchers to understand and explain the processes and predict future behaviour. This paper marks a stage at which it is possible to summarize some advances in the state of the art and associated innovations that can be attributed to early motivation by Wilfried Haeberli and offers a tribute as well as gratitude for his ongoing feedback and advice. Some thoughts on the development of thermokarst due to water ponding and flow, and a conceptual model of geotechnical mechanisms that aim to explain some aspects of rock glacier kinematics, are also introduced.  相似文献   

钛磁铁矿的制备及其异相Fenton反应催化性能   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

杨士建  何宏平  吴大清  袁鹏  朱建喜  陈冬  梁晓亮  马月红 《地球化学》2009,38(2):159-164

在水相中合成了钛磁铁矿（Fe3-xTixO4）,并用XRD、MSssbauer、TG-DSC和SEM等手段对合成的Fe3-xTixO4进行了表征。结果表明,合成的Fe3-xTixO4为立方晶系尖晶石结构,样品中的钛离子都已经进入其晶格中;钛掺杂有抑制钛磁铁矿进一步向钛磁赤铁矿转化和稳定尖晶石结构的作用。此外,以亚甲基蓝降解为探针反应,考察了钛磁铁矿异相Fenton反应的催化性能。实验表明,钛含量较高的钛磁铁矿是一种性能优越的异相Fenton反应催化剂。  相似文献   

Storage-discharge characteristics of an active rock glacier catchment in the Innere Ölgrube,Austrian Alps     

Thomas Wagner  Simon Kainz  Karl Krainer  Gerfried Winkler 《水文研究》2021,35(5):e14210

The active rock glacier “Innere Ölgrube” and its catchment area (Ötztal Alps, Austria) are assessed using various hydro(geo)logical tools to provide a thorough catchment characterization and to quantify temporal variations in recharge and discharge components. During the period from June 2014 to July 2018, an average contribution derived from snowmelt, ice melt and rainfall of 35.8%, 27.6% and 36.6%, respectively, is modelled for the catchment using a rainfall-runoff model. Discharge components of the rock glacier springs are distinguished using isotopic data as well as other natural and artificial tracer data, when considering the potential sources rainfall, snowmelt, ice melt and longer stored groundwater. Seasonal as well as diurnal variations in runoff are quantified and the importance of shallow groundwater within this rock glacier-influenced catchment is emphasized. Water derived from ice melt is suggested to be provided mainly by melting of two small cirque glaciers within the catchment and subordinately by melting of permafrost ice of the rock glacier. The active rock glacier is characterized by a layered internal structure with an unfrozen base layer responsible for groundwater storage and retarded runoff, a main permafrost body contributing little to the discharge (at the moment) by permafrost thaw and an active layer responsible for fast lateral flow on top of the permafrost body. Snowmelt contributes at least 1/3rd of the annual recharge. During droughts, meltwater derived from two cirque glaciers provides runoff with diurnal runoff variations; however, this discharge pattern will change as these cirque glaciers will ultimately disappear in the future. The storage-discharge characteristics of the investigated active rock glacier catchment are an example of a shallow groundwater aquifer in alpine catchments that ought to be considered when analysing (future) river runoff characteristics in alpine catchments as these provide retarded runoff during periods with little or no recharge.  相似文献   

膨胀土干缩变形特性试验研究     

王东伟  唐朝生  李胜杰  曾浩  施斌  张必勇 《高校地质学报》2019,25(5):756

膨胀土是一种典型的问题性土,对气候变化非常敏感,在干旱气候条件下,极易发生体积收缩变形,引发各种工 程地质问题。为了研究膨胀土的干缩变形特性,开展了一系列室内干燥试验,测定了膨胀土的收缩特征曲线,重点分析 了初始含水率和干密度对干缩变形过程的影响,并进一步探讨了水泥固化抑制膨胀土干缩变形的效果和机理。结果表 明：（1） 膨胀土的干缩变形过程存在三个典型阶段：正常收缩、残余收缩和零收缩;（2） 初始含水率越高,试样蒸发速 率越快,且干缩变形完全后试样孔隙比越小而最终收缩应变越大,干缩变形越明显;（3） 初始干密度越大,试样蒸发速 率和最终体积收缩应变越小,提高初始干密度对试样干缩变形具有一定的抑制作用;（4） 在膨胀土中掺入适量的水泥能 显著降低试样的体积收缩应变,对干缩变形具有良好的抑制效果;（5） 膨胀土的干缩变形具有明显的各向异性特征,并 且与初始状态有关。  相似文献   

Ground-based hyperspectral imaging and terrestrial laser scanning for fracture characterization in the Mississippian Boone Formation     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2017

Petroleum geoscientists have been using cores and well logs to study source rocks and reservoirs, however, the inherent discontinuous nature of these data cannot account for horizontal heterogeneities. Modern exploitation requires better understanding of important source rocks and reservoirs at outcrop scale. Remote sensing of outcrops is becoming a first order tool for reservoir analog studies including horizontal heterogeneities. This work used ground-based hyperspectral imaging, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), and high-resolution photography to study a roadcut of the Boone Formation at Bella Vista, northwest Arkansas, and developed an outcrop model for reservoir analog analyses.The petroliferous Boone Formation consists of fossiliferous limestones interbedded with chert of early Mississippian age. We used remote sensing techniques to identify rock types and to collect 3D geometrical data. Mixture tuned matched filtering classification of hyperspectral data show that the outcrop is mostly limestones with interbedded chert nodules. 1315 fractures were classified according to their strata-bounding relationships, among these, larger fractures are dominantly striking in ENE – WSW directions. Fracture extraction data show that chert holds more fractures than limestones, and both vertical and horizontal heterogeneities exist in chert nodule distribution.Utilizing ground-based remote sensing, we have assembled a virtual outcrop model to extract mineral composition as well as fracture data from the model. We inferred anisotropy in vertical fracture permeability based on the dominancy of fracture orientations, the preferential distribution of fractures and distribution of chert nodules. These data are beneficial in reservoir analogs to study rock mechanics and fluid flow, and to improve well performances.  相似文献   

Biogeographic characterization of Mediterranean and Black Seas faunal provinces using GIS procedures     

L. Garibaldi  J. F. Caddy 《Ocean & Coastal Management》1998,39(3):211-227

To identify Mediterranean and Black Seas areas where similar marine faunal provinces occur, geographical distribution maps of 536 species of actual or potential interest to fisheries have been digitized, using GIS software, and three different ecological areas have been delimited by depth, separated by the 200 and 1000 m isobaths. Information on the species ranges was taken mainly from the maps and the texts of the FAO Species Identification Sheets covering the region, and complemented by other sources when necessary. All the distribution maps have then been overlaid by a grid of points at regular intervals every half degree of latitude and longitude. This allowed creation of a matrix of presence or absence of the species at each point from which species richness maps have been generated. The species richness in the Mediterranean proper shows the same negative gradient eastwards that has been observed for nutrients, while the low number of species in the Black Sea could be linked to the fragility and recent fast degradation of this ecosystem. Through the calculation of 65 dissimilarity indices from 50 contiguous points along the coastline and the species richness maps, the region has been divided into nine faunal provinces. These faunal provinces have then been compared with the ten Mediterranean and Black Seas divisions used by the GFCM for statistical purposes, revealing few differences between the two classifications. The definition of faunal provinces in a region when deciding upon Natural Management Areas, and the appropriate GIS approach to be followed, are discussed.  相似文献   

华北地区强震活动与月相的关系及其机制   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

杜品仁 《地球物理学报》1999,42(Z1):123-130

华北地区及其地震带的强震活动与月相密切相关。华北地区和河北平原、河淮及南海地震带强震大都发生在朔前后。郯庐和汾渭地震带强震多发生在上弦前后,依据华北地区强震孕育的地壳上地幔构造,探讨了引潮力触发地震的可能机制--潮致流体上涌触发模式,该模式的要点是:①上地幔和地壳内存在流体是孕育强震的必要条件;②深部流体可能快速上涌;③引潮力可能是触发流体快速上涌的主要作用力;④深部流体通过如应力腐蚀或雷宾德尔效应之类的非线性机制激发地震。  相似文献   

Constraints from high-pressure veins in eclogites on the composition of hydrous fluids in subduction zones   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Harry Becker  Klaus Peter Jochum  Richard W. Carlson 《Chemical Geology》1999,160(4):1207-308

Hydrous high-pressure veins formed during dehydration of eclogites in two paleo-subduction zones (Trescolmen locality in the Adula nappe, central Alps and Münchberg Gneiss Massif, Variscan fold belt, Germany) constrain the major and trace element composition of solutes in fluids liberated during dehydration of eclogites. Similar initial isotopic compositions of veins and host eclogites at the time of metamorphism indicate that the fluids were derived predominantly from the host rocks. Quartz, kyanite, paragonite, phengite, zoisite and omphacite are the dominant minerals in the veins. The major element compositions of the veins are in agreement with experimental evidence indicating that the composition of solutes in such fluids is dominated by SiO₂ and Al₂O₃. Relative to N-MORB, the veins show enrichments of Cs, Rb, Ba, Pb, and K, comparable or slightly lower abundances of Sr, U, and Th, and very low abundances of Nd, Sm, Zr, Nb, Ti and Y. The differential fractionation of highly incompatible elements such as K, U and Th in the veins, as well as the presence of hydrous minerals in the eclogites rule out partial melting as a cause for vein formation. These results confirm previous suggestions that fluids derived from subducted basalt may have low abundances of high field strength elements, rare earth elements and Y. Variable vein-eclogite enrichment factors of incompatible alkalis and to a lesser extent Pb appear to reflect mineralogical controls (phengite, epidote-group minerals) on partitioning of these elements during dehydration of eclogite in subduction zones. However, abundance variations of incompatible elements in minerals from eclogites suggest that the composition of fluids released from eclogites at temperatures <700°C may not reflect true equilibrium partitioning during dehydration. Simple models for the trace elements U and Th indicate the relative importance of the basaltic and sedimentary portions of subducted oceanic crust in producing the characteristic chemical signatures of these elements in convergent plate margin volcanism.  相似文献   

Visual characterization technique for gravel‐cobble river bed surface sediments; validation and environmental applications Contribution to the programme of CIRSA (Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche sur le Saumon Atlantique)     

Christian Latulippe  Michel F. Lapointe  Tracey Talbot 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2001,26(3):307-318

This paper presents an evaluation of the feasibility and the reliability of a visual characterization technique for gravel–cobble river bed surface substrate. Based on principal axis regressions, using phi scale (ϕ), comparisons of visual estimation and grid sampling techniques show that useful predictive relations (R² = 0·78–0·88) exist between visual estimates of the surface d₁₆, d₅₀ and d₈₄ and estimates obtained for the same percentiles with the grid sampling technique. Comparisons of visual estimation and the surface‐bulk sampling technique also indicate a predictive relation (R² = 0·70) between the d₅₀ of the two methods. Trained operators can visually estimate gravel–cobble bed surface d₁₆ to uncertainties of 41 per cent, d₅₀ to 15 per cent and d₈₄ to 11 per cent (for example, there is a 5·5 mm error on a d₈₄ size of 50 mm). Furthermore, evidence shows that if operators are properly trained, a calibration relation for each percentile can be applied independently of operators. This visual characterization allows effective detailed mapping of spatial patterns in substrate size distribution along extensive reaches of gravel‐bed rivers. The technique can be very useful in creating terrain models for various geomorphological, hydrological and biological applications such as the determination of entrainment thresholds, hydraulic roughness and substrate suitability for benthic insects or salmonid habitat. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

联合多点地质统计学与序贯高斯模拟的随机反演方法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

刘兴业  李景叶  陈小宏  李超  郭康康  周林 《地球物理学报》2018,61(7):2998-3007

岩相和储层物性参数是油藏表征的重要参数,地震反演是储层表征和油气藏勘探开发的重要手段.随机地震反演通常基于地质统计学理论,能够对不同类型的信息源进行综合,建立具有较高分辨率的储层模型,因而得到广泛关注.其中,概率扰动方法是一种高效的迭代随机反演策略,它能综合考虑多种约束信息,且只需要较少的迭代次数即可获得反演结果.在概率扰动的优化反演策略中,本文有效的联合多点地质统计学与序贯高斯模拟,并结合统计岩石物理理论实现随机反演.首先,通过多点地质统计学随机模拟,获得一系列等可能的岩相模型,扰动更新初始岩相模型后利用相控序贯高斯模拟建立多个储层物性参数模型;然后通过统计岩石物理理论,计算相应的弹性参数;最后,正演得到合成地震记录并与实际地震数据对比,通过概率扰动方法进行迭代,直到获得满足给定误差要求的反演结果.利用多点地质统计学,能够更好地表征储层空间特征.相控序贯高斯模拟的应用,能够有效反映不同岩相中储层物性参数的分布.提出的方法可在较少的迭代次数内同时获得具有较高分辨率的岩相和物性参数反演结果,模型测试和实际数据应用验证了方法的可行性和有效性.  相似文献