FORMATION AND EROSION PROCESSES OF THE LOESS PLATEAU   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

YUAN Baoyin  LU Zhongchen  DENG Chenglong 《国际泥沙研究》1999,(2)

IPROCESSANDZONINGOFLOESSACCUMULATIONLoessisatypicalkindofaeoliansediment,theprocessesofitsgeomorphicformationcanbesummarizedasfollows.l.lWell-distributedDustFalloutfromHighAltitudeThedustisdefinedasthefineparticles(<0.1mm)whichcanbeliftedandcarriedupasdustcloudsintheaiLIftheoriginallandsurfaceofaregionisanevenhighlandsurroundedbyriversandgullies,thefallingdustremainedonthesurfaceofthisevenhighland,butthedustfallingonslopesoftheriverandgullieswastransportedoutoftheregion.Onthet…  相似文献   

Erosion-control mechanism of sediment check dams on the Loess Plateau     

Zhaoyin Wang  Zuyu Chen  Shu Yu  Qiang Zhang  Yu Wang  Jianwei Hao 《国际泥沙研究》2021,36(5):668-677

Severe soil erosion occurs on the Loess Plateau in China, which makes the Yellow River the most sediment-laden river in the world. Construction of about 60,000 sediment check dams has remarkably controlled soil erosion on the Loess Plateau and reduced the sediment load of the middle and lower Yellow River. Nonetheless, little is known about the mechanism of erosion control and vegetation development of sediment check dams. The function of a single check dam mainly is trapping sediment, while the function of a train of check dams comprising dozens of or over hundreds of check dams in a gully encompasses controlling bed incision and reducing erosion energy. A formula was proposed to calculate the potential energy of bank failure and slope failure in a gully, which essentially constitutes the erosion energy. The erosion energy increases when gully incision occurs, which is induced by the incision of the Yellow River and its tributaries on the Loess Plateau. Sediment deposition in many gullies due to construction of check dams reduces the erosion energy to almost zero, which in turn greatly reduces soil erosion and sediment yield. Construction of check dams promotes vegetation development. The vegetation-erosion dynamics model was used to study the effect of check dams on vegetation development. Simulation results show that reforestation without check dam construction might result in an increase of vegetation cover in the first ten years and then a drop of vegetation cover to less than 10% in the later years. The check dams provide a foundation for vegetation development.  相似文献   

兴海县多宗隆哇泥石流形成条件及防治     

王春山  周洪福  聂德新 《四川地质学报》2013,(3):318-321

兴海县多宗隆哇泥石流为典型的沟谷型泥石流,曾造成严重的财产损失。通过对泥石流特征、易发性、运动及力学特征研究分析,得出多宗隆哇为轻度易发泥石流,流速为3．87m／s,流量为292．53m3／s,有巨大的冲击力。根据该流域泥石流的特征和危害,提出了防治措施建议。  相似文献   

地震后泥石流临界雨量变化特征——以汶川地震区小岗剑沟为例     

陈源井  余斌  朱渊  王涛  亓星 《山地学报》2013,31(3)

在地震的影响下,泥石流暴发所需的临界降雨条件降低.通过现场调查分析,首先得出小岗剑沟泥石流沟床起动的形成机理及其“地震-滑坡-碎屑堆积-降雨-泥石流”的形成特征,然后在建立了泥石流发生的临界雨量模式基础上,以小岗剑沟泥石流临界雨量为研究对象,采用将其地震前后临界雨量相比较的方法,得到了临界雨量的变化特征,并探索变化的原因.小岗剑沟2010年暴发泥石流的临界雨量约为地震前的21％,2011年暴发泥石流的临界雨量约为地震前的23％,地震后临界雨量大幅度下降.但随着泥石流活动的不断发生,临界雨量有逐渐恢复的趋势.  相似文献   

切沟中土壤水分的空间变化特征   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

谢云  刘宝元  伍永秋 《地球科学进展》2002,17(2):278-282

切沟侵蚀不仅破坏土地资源，而且影响下游地区环境。目前的土壤侵蚀预报模型没有包括切沟侵蚀，因此研究切沟中土壤水分空间变化是建立切沟侵蚀模型的基础，也是恢复植被的基础。在陕西省安塞大南沟流域选择一个切沟，从1998-2000年连续 3年在 4～10月间对切沟不同部位土壤水分状况进行了观测。分析结果表明，切沟中浅层土壤水分空间分异规律明显，沟顶土壤水分状况较好，土壤容积湿度达到10．3％。沟坡则较差，但沿沟坡向下到沟底，土壤水分不断增加，分别为 6．3％、6．4％和10．4％。沟坡陡崖的土壤水分条件最差，接近凋萎湿度，容积含水量仅为4.6％～5.9％。沟底土壤湿度有所好转，为 7．7％。从雨季开始到结束，整体上土壤水分呈下降趋势，但随降雨事件发生波动。季节变化比较明显的是土壤水分条件好的部位，如沟顶、沟坡底部和沟底。尤以沟底变化最大。沟坡陡崖土壤湿度随季节没有任何变化。从1998-2000年，随降水量减少，切沟所有部位土壤湿度持续下降，即使在水分条件较好的沟顶和沟坡下部，土壤湿度也仅为 8．1％～8．8％，其它部位则都接近于凋萎湿度。土壤水分亏缺相当严重。切沟不同部位土壤水分的季节和年际变化主要受降雨入渗补给影响，而沟底则与径流的产生有关。因此应进一步研究不同降雨类型与径流产生、以及土壤湿度变化的关系。  相似文献   

STAGES OF LATE HOLOCENE GULLY DEVELOPMENT IN THE CENTRAL RUSSIAN PLAIN     

V.R. BELYAEV E. A. EREMENKO A. V. PANIN Y. R. BELYAEV 《国际泥沙研究》2005,20(3):224-232

Two gullies located in the Protva River basin （central part of European Russia, 100 Ion southwest of Moscow） were studied to investigate the history of their development during Late Holocene. This case study included detailed topographic and geomorphologic surveys, geological cross-sections, and radiocarbon dating of organic matter in gully sediments. For both gullies, incision of the long profile occurred for most of the Holocene, as indicated by the limited presence of infill sediment. However, interruptions of incisions occurred in both gullies during the last -3.5 ka （the Chugunkin gully） or -2.0 ka （the Uzkiy gully）, as evident from stratigraphic interpretation of the sediment record. Periods of surface stabilization are represented by buried soil horizons, whereas relatively thick sediment layers suggest periods of predominant aggradation. Similarities and differences in discovered sequences of erosion and accumulation stages for the two gullies point out the importance of distinguishing between local and regional controls. Evidence of the role of internal system behavior and self-development in the gully long-term evolution is clear from asynchronous response of different parts of gullies. In recent times （-500 years）, active agricultural development of the study territory resulted in accelerated incisions, followed by deposition of catchment-derived material. The latter was limited to the upper parts of the gullies, while incisions have continued in the middle and lower parts. The impact of human activities （-500 years） has been very limited. This suggests that within the forest zone of the Russian Plain many gullies which were earlier attributed to anthropogenic factors are, in realitv, due to natural phenomena.  相似文献   

都江堰市八一沟泥石流形成条件与动力学特征分析   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

张自光  张志明  张顺斌 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2010,21(1):34-38

八一沟泥石流位于汶川"5.12"大地震极重灾区四川省都江堰市,是一条典型的沟谷型泥石流。本文在分析八一沟泥石流沟流域和泥石流基本特征的基础上,首先对形成泥石流的地形、水源、物源三个基本条件进行了深入论述,接着详细计算了泥石流的重质、流速、流量、冲出量等动力学参数,然后分析了泥石流的发展趋势,最后根据泥石流危险性和被保护对象的重要性,并提出了防治建议。  相似文献   

青海省格拉沟形成演化机制及其主要工程地质问题     

巨广宏  卢金  吕耀成 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2006,17(4):149-153

格拉沟位于青海省内陆滩地，其形成演化反映了西北地区典型的水土流失过程。文章在收集大量野外资料的基础上，研究了格拉沟的形成演化机制，并对该沟道主要工程地质问题进行了探讨。分析认为，格拉沟形成演化是该地区特殊的内因外因共同作用的结果，基于此对其发育演化阶段进行了划分与预测。该沟主要工程地质问题为边坡稳定性、渗透稳定性、河流侵蚀等。其中边坡稳定性主要包括天然岸坡整体稳定性及崩塌、坠溜、滑塌等；渗透稳定性主要包括潜蚀与管涌；河流下切与溯源侵蚀则成为岸坡失稳破坏的重要诱发因素。探讨格拉沟形成演化机制及其主要工程地质问题，对于研究西北地区水土流失机理及其产生的环境问题具有一定的借鉴作用。  相似文献   

Predicting gully rejuvenation after wildfire using remotely sensed burn severity data     

Kevin Hyde  Scott W. Woods  Jack Donahue 《Geomorphology》2007,86(3-4):496-511

The loss of surface vegetation and reduced infiltration caused by wildfires can trigger gully rejuvenation, resulting in damage to downstream aquatic resources and risk to human life and property. We developed a spatially explicit metric of burn severity — the Burn Severity Distribution Index (BSDI) — and tested its ability to predict post-fire gully rejuvenation in 1st and 2nd order basins burned in the 2000 Valley Complex fires in the Sapphire Mountains of western Montana. The BSDI was derived from burn severity data interpreted from Landsat 7 satellite imagery using the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) method, and ranged from 0.0 for completely unburned basins to 4.0 for basins burned entirely at high severity. In July 2001 rainstorms with peak 30-minute intensities of up to 17 mm h^− 1 triggered gully rejuvenation in 66 of the 171 basins examined. The frequency of gully rejuvenation was higher in basins with higher BSDI values, increasing from zero for basins with a BSDI less than 1.3 to 67% for basins with a BSDI greater than 3.0. Binary logistic regression indicated that BSDI was a more significant predictor of gully rejuvenation than basin morphometric variables. The absence of gully rejuvenation in several basins with a high BSDI was attributed to low gradient, dense riparian vegetation, or concentration of high burn severity at lower elevations in the basin. The presence of gully rejuvenation in several basins with a low BSDI was associated with false negative NBR classification errors in northwest aspects, and concentration of severe burn impacts in the drainage headslopes. BSDI is a useful metric for predicting gully rejuvenation after wildfire. The use of the BSDI in Burned Area Emergency Response team assessments could improve the planning, implementation, and monitoring of burned area recovery treatments.  相似文献   

金沙江下游元谋盆地冲沟发育特征和过程分析   总被引：10，自引：6，他引：10  

柴宗新  范建容  刘淑珍 《地理科学》2001,21(4):339-343

金沙江下游元谋盆地广泛分布的下更新统元谋组地层为粘土层与砂土层互层，冲沟发育，冲沟侵蚀吞食耕地，造成土地劣化，对土地资源危害很大，论述了元谋组地层冲构具有沟壁直立，溯源侵蚀速度快，沟头组合形态多样等特征，分析了冲沟发育过程和影响因素。  相似文献