Numerical Analysis of Space–Time Finite Element Formulations for Miscible Displacements     

Rigoberto G. Sanabria Castro  Sandra M. C. Malta  Abimael F. D. Loula  Luiz Landau 《Computational Geosciences》2002,5(4):301-330

A finite element formulation is proposed to approximate a nonlinear system of partial differential equations, composed by an elliptic subsystem for the pressure–velocity and a transport equation (convection–diffusion) for the concentration, which models the incompressible miscible displacement of one fluid by another in a rigid porous media. The pressure is approximated by the classical Galerkin method and the velocity is calculated by a post-processing technique. Then, the concentration is obtained by a Galerkin/least-squares space–time (GLS/ST) finite element method. A numerical analysis is developed for the concentration approximation. Then, stability, convergence and numerical results are presented confirming the a priori error estimates.  相似文献   

Fluid permeability of sedimentary rocks in a complete stress–strain process     

J. -A. Wang  H. D. Park   《Engineering Geology》2002,63(3-4):291-300

The permeability of sedimentary rocks during triaxial compression tests was investigated to relate it to the complete strain–stress process. It was found that the permeability was not constant, but varied with the stress and strain states in the rocks. Prior to the peak strength, the permeability decreases with increasing load. A dramatic increase in permeability occurs during the strain softening period. In the present study, in situ measurements of fluid flow and pressure in floor strata was carried out in a double longwall mining face in the Yangzhuang colliery. These measurements show that both the strata pressure and the position with respect to the mining face influence the hydrogeologic properties. The permeability increased in the floor strata behind the mining face because those mining induced fractures opened as the strata pressure decreased. To better understand this change in hydraulic behavior around the mining faces, 3-D numerical modeling was carried out. The model provides the general picture of the stress distribution and failure zone both in the floor and roof strata. The field and model results demonstrate the importance of changes in the stress and strain states on the hydrogeology of a site.  相似文献   

The “boudinage” question in the High-Ardenne Slate Belt (Belgium): a combined structural and fluid-inclusion approach     

I. Kenis  M. Sintubin  Ph. Muchez  E. A. J. Burke 《Tectonophysics》2002,348(1-3)

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震源时间函数与震源破裂过程   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

许力生  陈运泰 《地震地磁观测与研究》2002,23(6):1-8

简要介绍了现代数字地震学的两个重要概念。一个是震源时间函数，另一个是地震震源的时空破裂过程。首先，从地震断层位移表示定量出发，介绍震源时间函数和震源破裂过程的基本概念。然后，分别介绍两种从远场地震记录中提取震源时间函数和获取有限断层面上时空破裂过程图像的反演方法。  相似文献   

Most likely locations of large earthquakes in the Kanto and Tokai areas, Japan, based on the local recurrence times     

Max Wyss  Shozo Matsumura 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2002,131(2):173-184

We examined the hypothesis that minima in local recurrence time, T_L, or equivalently maxima in local probability, P_L, may map asperities in the Kanto and Tokai areas of Japan, where the earthquake catalog of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) is complete at the M=1.5 (M1.5) level. We mapped T_L (P_L) based on the a- and b-values of the nearest earthquakes within 20 km of every node of a grid spaced 0.01° for M7 target events. Only earthquakes within the top 33 km were used. The b-values increase strongly with depth, in several areas. Therefore, some of the T_L (P_L) anomalies are not revealed if data from the entire crustal seismogenic zone are mixed. Thus, we mapped T_L (P_L) separately for the top 15 km and the rest of the depth range, as well as for the entire seismogenic crust. The resulting T_L- and P_L-maps show that approximately 12% of the total area shows anomalously short recurrence times. Out of six shallow target events with M≥6.5 and which occurred since 1890, five are located within the anomalous areas with T_L <450 years. We interpret this to mean that areas with anomalously short T_L map asperities, which are more likely than other areas to generate future target events. The probability that this result is due to chance is vanishingly small. The great Kanto rupture of 1923 appears to have initiated in the most significant asperity we mapped in the study area. One anomaly is located in the northeastern part of the area of the proposed future rupture of the Tokai earthquake, and another one at its southwestern corner. The absolute values of T_L calculated are uncertain because they depend on the size of the volume used for the calculation.  相似文献   

2001年1月2 6日印度古杰拉特(Gujarat)Ｍem>Ssub>7.8地震时空破裂过程   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

许力生  陈运泰  高孟潭 《地震学报》2002,24(5):447-461

从全球数字地震台网的长周期记录中，选择了震中距小于90的27个台站的54个P波震相和44个S波震相资料．首先，用波形反演方法确定了2001年1月26日印度古杰拉特(Gujarat)ＭS7.8地震的地震矩张量、震源机制、震源时间函数和时空破裂过程等震源参数．通过矩张量反演，并根据Kutch Mainland断层的走向、地震烈度的空间分布、余震震源的空间分布和震害的空间分布，确认2001年1月26日印度古杰拉特ＭS7.8地震的发震断层的走向为92、倾角为58、滑动角为62，即一走向近东-西向、断层面向南倾斜、以逆冲为主的左旋-逆断层．这次地震所释放的地震矩为3.51020 Nm，矩震级ＭW＝7.6．然后，借助合成地震图，采用频率域求谱商的方法，得到了依赖于台站方位的27个P波震源时间函数、22个S波震源时间函数以及平均的P波震源时间函数和S波震源时间函数．对震源时间函数的分析表明，这次地震是一次连续的破裂事件，开始比较急遽，但结束比较迟缓，总持续时间约19 s．最后，以所提取的P波和S波震源时间函数为资料，采用时间域的反演技术得到了断层面上滑动的时空分布．滑动量在断层面上的静态分布表明，断层面上的最大滑动量约为7 m．断层面上的最大应力降约为30 MPa，平均应力降约为7 MPa．滑动量大于0.5 m的区域在走向方向长85 km，在断层面倾斜方向宽约60 km(相应地，在深度方向约51 km)．破裂向东扩展约50 km，向西扩展约35 km．滑动量大于0.5 m的区域的主要部分呈椭圆形，其长轴取向与断层滑动方向一致．表明此区域破裂扩展的方向即是断层错动的方向．这种现象对于走滑断层情形是多见的，但对逆冲断层情形却少见．断层面上初始破裂点以东、以上部分面积大于初始破裂点以西、以下部分的面积，这是破裂非对称性的表现，表明破裂具有自西向东、自下向上单侧破裂的特征．从滑动率随时空变化的快照可以看出，滑动率在第4 s达到最大值，此时滑动率约为0.2 m/s，滑动基本上发生在破裂起始点及其周围．从第6 s开始，起始点的破裂基本结束，破裂开始向外围扩展．破裂向西的扩展速度明显小于向东的扩展速度．在第15 s，这种环形的扩展基本结束．自16 s以后，主要是一些零星的破裂点分布在破裂区的外围．从滑动量随时空变化的快照看，破裂自起始点开始后，逐渐向四周扩展．主要的破裂(滑动量大于5 m的区域)在6～10 s，具有明显的自西向东、向上的单侧破裂特征．在第11～13 s，破裂的西端向西、向下有所扩展．整个破裂过程持续约19 s．在整个破裂过程中的平均破裂速度约为3.3 km/s．   相似文献   

A method to estimate hydraulic conductivity while drilling     

Kurt I. Srensen  Flemming Effers  Esben Auken  Louise Pellerin 《Journal of Hydrology》2002,260(1-4):15-29

A field test and analysis method has been developed to estimate the vertical distribution of hydraulic conductivity in shallow unconsolidated aquifers. The field method uses fluid injection ports and pressure transducers in a hollow auger that measure the hydraulic head outside the auger at several distances from the injection point. A constant injection rate is maintained for a duration time sufficient for the system to become steady state. Exploiting the analogy between electrical resistivity in geophysics and hydraulic flow two methods are used to estimate conductivity with depth: a half-space model based on spherical flow from a point injection at each measurement site, and a one-dimensional inversion of an entire dataset.

The injection methodology, conducted in three separate drilling operations, was investigated for repeatability, reproducibility, linearity, and for different injection sources. Repeatability tests, conducted at 10 levels, demonstrated standard deviations of generally less than 10%. Reproducibility tests conducted in three, closely spaced drilling operations generally showed a standard deviation of less than 20%, which is probably due to lateral variations in hydraulic conductivity. Linearity tests, made to determine dependency on flow rates, showed no indication of a flow rate bias. In order to obtain estimates of the hydraulic conductivity by an independent means, a series of measurements were made by injecting water through screens installed at two separate depths in a monitoring pipe near the measurement site. These estimates differed from the corresponding estimates obtained by injection in the hollow auger by a factor of less than 3.5, which can be attributed to variations in geology and the inaccurate estimates of the distance between the measurement and the injection sites at depth.  相似文献   

Nonlinear earthquake response analysis and energy calculation for seismic slit shear wall structures     

蒋欢军  吕西林 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2002,1(2):227-237

Based on the concept of structural passive control, a new type of slit shear wall, with improved seismic performance when compared to an ordinary solid shear wall, was proposed by the authors in 1996. The idea has been verified by a series of pseudo-static and dynamic tests. In this paper a macro numerical model is developed for the wall element and the energy dissipation device. Then, nonlinear time history analysis is carried out for a 10-story slit shear wall model tested on a shaking table. Furthermore, the seismic input energy and the individual energy dissipated by the components are calculated by a method based on Newmark-β assumptions for this shear wall model, and the advantages of this shear wall are further demonstrated by the calculation results from the viewpoint of energy. Finally, according to the seismic damage criterion on the basis of plastic accumulative energy and maximum response, the optimal analysis is carried out to select design parameters for the energy dissipation device.  相似文献   

DAS24-3B数据采集系统采集控制模块的工作原理     

侯广兵  倪大来 《地球物理学进展》2002,17(4):715-721

DAS24-3B是中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所研制的宽频带地震数据采集系统。采集控制模块是该系统的重要组成部分。本文阐述了控制模块的工作原理，介绍了DAS24-3B系统的基本组成和采集器工作过程，并给出该系统如何与笔记本端应用程序界面通讯和联络的操作建议，使该系统能够在工作中发挥更大的作用。  相似文献   

连续小波变换在新疆地震活动周期分析中的应用     

孙甲宁  苏乃秦  杨多兴 《内陆地震》2002,16(4):325-330

利用连续小波变换分析和研究了 1 970年 1月— 2 0 0 1年 1 2月新疆地区 30年来的地震活动情况。结果表明 ,新疆地震活动存在比较稳定的 1 0年左右活动周期 ,并存在 5年和 1 7年左右的不稳定的准活动周期 ,也就是说新疆地区地震活动既存在比较稳定的优势周期 ,也存在一定的时变性。根据 MS≥ 4.7地震时间序列的连续小波变换结果可推测 ,2 0 0 2— 2 0 0 5年新疆地区地震活动相对偏弱 ,中、强地震的发生次数偏少 ,有可能发生 5级或 6级地震 ,而到 2 0 0 6— 2 0 0 7年新疆有可能再次发生 7级左右的大地震。  相似文献