Pre-Columbian landscape impact and agriculture in the Monumental Mound region of the Llanos de Moxos, lowland Bolivia     

Bronwen S. Whitney  Ruth Dickau  Francis E. Mayle  J. Daniel Soto  José Iriarte 《Quaternary Research》2013

We present a multiproxy study of land use by a pre-Columbian earth mounds culture in the Bolivian Amazon. The Monumental Mounds Region (MMR) is an archaeological sub-region characterized by hundreds of pre-Columbian habitation mounds associated with a complex network of canals and causeways, and situated in the forest–savanna mosaic of the Llanos de Moxos. Pollen, phytolith, and charcoal analyses were performed on a sediment core from a large lake (14 km²), Laguna San José (14°56.97′S, 64°29.70′W). We found evidence of high levels of anthropogenic burning from AD 400 to AD 1280, corroborating dated occupation layers in two nearby excavated habitation mounds. The charcoal decline pre-dates the arrival of Europeans by at least 100 yr, and challenges the notion that the mounds culture declined because of European colonization. We show that the surrounding savanna soils were sufficiently fertile to support crops, and the presence of maize throughout the record shows that the area was continuously cultivated despite land-use change at the end of the earth mounds culture. We suggest that burning was largely confined to the savannas, rather than forests, and that pre-Columbian deforestation was localized to the vicinity of individual habitation mounds, whereas the inter-mound areas remained largely forested.  相似文献   

通辽地区玉米分期播种试验及适时播种期探讨   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

申广立  萨日娜  佟莎仁  张延辉 《内蒙古气象》2013,(6):14-16

文章探究了播种期对气候资源利用及玉米产量的影响,分析了气候变暖对玉米适宜播种期的影响。通过分期播种试验确定通辽地区玉米适宜播种期。早播玉米与迟播玉米虽然在播种—出苗,出苗—七叶,七叶—拔节期及乳熟期—成熟期间的间隔天数及≥10℃积温差异较大,但全生育期天数及总积温差异较小;早播玉米部分生育期间隔时间增长,迟播玉米播种—出苗期间隔时间缩短。为充分利用气候资源提供科学依据。  相似文献   

Filtering of windborne particles by a natural windbreak     

Thomas Bouvet  Benjamin Loubet  John D. Wilson  Andree Tuzet 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,123(3):481-509

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Predicting stem borer density in maize using RapidEye data and generalized linear models     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2017

Average maize yield in eastern Africa is 2.03 t ha⁻¹ as compared to global average of 6.06 t ha⁻¹ due to biotic and abiotic constraints. Amongst the biotic production constraints in Africa, stem borers are the most injurious. In eastern Africa, maize yield losses due to stem borers are currently estimated between 12% and 21% of the total production. The objective of the present study was to explore the possibility of RapidEye spectral data to assess stem borer larva densities in maize fields in two study sites in Kenya. RapidEye images were acquired for the Bomet (western Kenya) test site on the 9th of December 2014 and on 27th of January 2015, and for Machakos (eastern Kenya) a RapidEye image was acquired on the 3rd of January 2015. Five RapidEye spectral bands as well as 30 spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) were utilized to predict per field maize stem borer larva densities using generalized linear models (GLMs), assuming Poisson (‘Po’) and negative binomial (‘NB’) distributions. Root mean square error (RMSE) and ratio prediction to deviation (RPD) statistics were used to assess the models performance using a leave-one-out cross-validation approach. The Zero-inflated NB (‘ZINB’) models outperformed the ‘NB’ models and stem borer larva densities could only be predicted during the mid growing season in December and early January in both study sites, respectively (RMSE = 0.69–1.06 and RPD = 8.25–19.57). Overall, all models performed similar when all the 30 SVIs (non-nested) and only the significant (nested) SVIs were used. The models developed could improve decision making regarding controlling maize stem borers within integrated pest management (IPM) interventions.  相似文献   

Yielding to high yields? Critiquing food security definitions and policy implications for ethnic minority livelihoods in upland Vietnam     

《Geoforum》2016

Agricultural intensification is at the core of the current agrarian transition in Southeast Asia. New crop varieties promise higher productive outputs, but depend on significant increases in chemical inputs. In the highlands of northern Vietnam, we find that adopting hybrid maize is inevitably associated with an increasing dependence on cash for direct and indirect inputs and investments. This reliance on the cash economy is a new reality for semi-subsistence ethnic minority Hmong households, and provides evidence of the advancing agrarian transition in Vietnam’s remote northern highlands. While livelihood outcomes of hybrid seed adoption include increased maize yields, local farmers highlight numerous drawbacks, including unstable input prices, limited storage periods, pest concerns, and the increased reliance on cash. Strong preferences for the taste of traditional local maize, as well as concerns over regular harvests, lead many households to resist the full adoption of new hybrid varieties and redirect hybrid maize to livestock feed and household alcohol production instead. Thus while state policies extoll the virtues of high-yielding hybrid maize for poverty reduction, we find that food availability is an overemphasized element of household food security and upland agricultural development policies. Food security interventions must move beyond conceptualizing food security as a result of food availability alone, and also incorporate cultural acceptability of food, better understandings of hybrid maize cultivation challenges, and respect the seed diversity on which local livelihoods and food security rely.  相似文献   

基于东北玉米区域动力模型的低温冷害预报应用研究   总被引：35，自引：7，他引：35       下载免费PDF全文

刘布春  王石立  庄立伟  卢志光  史学丽  宋永佳 《应用气象学报》2003,14(5):616-625

在田间试验资料基础上，采用改进的发育模型和分区作物参数，结合前人有关研究成果建立了东北玉米区域动力模型，并利用模型模拟了12站40年 (1961~2000年) 玉米生长发育过程。确定抽雄期延迟天数为低温冷害指标，分析了历史低温冷害年及减产情况。模拟了典型冷害年和40年气候平均的0.25°×0.25°网格点玉米生长发育过程, 探讨了与区域气候模式结合进行低温冷害预报的方法。主要结论有:①玉米发育模型能够较好地模拟玉米发育期和发育期对低温冷害的响应，以抽雄期延迟天数为冷害指标评估的历史冷害发生状况基本符合历史实况。②模型有一定的模拟玉米生长量对低温冷害响应的能力，但还需要更多的试验数据校正品种参数，完善模型。③利用GIS技术，结合区域化的作物参数运行区域作物模型，是作物模型区域化应用的一种解决方案。④东北玉米区域动力模型解释性好，根据确定的害指标，以区域气候模式输出结果驱动玉米模型可以模拟和预测低温冷害，是农业气象灾害预测预报的一个有益的尝试。  相似文献   

播种期水分胁迫及补水对玉米出苗率的影响     

朱梦媛  张慧  李爽  张兵兵  常松  蔡福  赵佳  蔡文博 《气象与环境学报》2019,35(1):101-107

为探究玉米播种期水分胁迫及补水对玉米出苗率的影响,利用盆栽方式在玉米播种—出苗期开展水分胁迫及复水控制对比试验,分析播种日土壤相对湿度、播种后补水时间和补水量对辽西地区玉米出苗的影响。结果表明:玉米出苗率随播种日土壤相对湿度的降低,干旱持续时间的增加和补水量的减少而减小。播种后无补水,当播种日土壤相对湿度w_播种为60%—70%时,出苗率达100%; w_播种为50%—55%时,出苗率达66. 7—77. 8%; w_播种为30%—45%时,出苗率为0。w_播种为35%—45%时,持续5—20 d干旱,补水20 mm,出苗率为66. 7%—100%,较补水10 mm的出苗率为0%—77. 8%。w_播种为35%—45%时,需在10—20 d内补水,所需补水量随补水时土壤相对湿度的减小而增加。研究结果可为春旱频发地区确定玉米播种后最迟补水时间和补水量下限提供有效的技术参考。  相似文献   

Estimation of maize yield by using a process-based model and remote sensing data in the Northeast China Plain     

《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2015

Climate change significantly impact on agriculture in recent year, the accurate estimation of crop yield is of great importance for the food security. In this study, a process-based mechanism model was modified to estimate yield of C₄ crop by modifying the carbon metabolic pathway in the photosynthesis sub-module of the RS–P–YEC (Remote-Sensing–Photosynthesis–Yield estimation for Crops) model. The yield was calculated by multiplying net primary productivity (NPP) and the harvest index (HI) derived from the ratio of grain to stalk yield. The modified RS–P–YEC model was used to simulate maize yield in the Northeast China Plain during the period 2002–2011. The 111 statistical data of maize yield from study area was used to validate the simulated results at county-level. The results showed that the Pearson correlation coefficient (R) was 0.827 (p < 0.01) between the simulated yield and the statistical data, and the root mean square error (RMSE) was 712 kg/ha with a relative error (RE) of 9.3%. From 2002 to 2011, the yield of maize planting zone in the Northeast China Plain was increasing with smaller coefficient of variation (CV). The spatial pattern of simulated maize yield was consistent with the actual distribution in the Northeast China Plain, with an increasing trend from the northeast to the southwest. Hence the results demonstrated that the modified process-based model coupled with remote sensing data was suitable for yield prediction of maize in the Northeast China Plain at the spatial scale.  相似文献   

ENSO–climate fluctuation–crop yield early warning system—A case study in Jilin and Liaoning Province in Northeast China     

《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2015

Crop yield is very sensitive to climate variability. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is one of the most important contributors to global climate fluctuation, and therefore has a major impact on agricultural production. In this study, we structure an ENSO–climate fluctuation–crop yield early warning system to model the maize yield in Jilin and Liaoning Provinces in Northeast China. The system, which consists of a weather generator and a Model to capture the Crop Weather relationship over a Large Area (MCWLA), is not only capable of simulating the maize yield both at the provincial (regional) scale and the grid scale, but can also provide the exceedance probability of yield. Simulation results show maize yields in El Niño years to be higher on average than those in neutral years, while yields in La Niña years are the lowest. Spatially, the central part of the study area always shows a higher yield than other parts of the study, while yields in the northeast and northwest parts are relatively lower, no matter how high or low the exceedance probability and whatever the ENSO phase. Our study strongly implies that such a warning system shows considerable potential for application in other areas of China.  相似文献   

科尔沁沙地农田玉米耗水规律研究   总被引：12，自引：5，他引：7  

李玉霖  张铜会  崔建垣 《中国沙漠》2002,22(4):354-358

首先采用波文比-能量平衡法分析了科尔沁沙地农田玉米(Zeamays L.)不同发育阶段晴天的能量分配特征,在此基础上估算了玉米的蒸散量,并对估算结果和蒸渗仪测定结果进行比较,最后运用作物蒸散量和参考作物蒸散量计算了玉米的作物系数。结果表明:①在玉米的整个生长过程中,能量交换以水分蒸散耗热为主;②根据试验年份的降雨分布情况,该地区的自然降水不能满足玉米对水分需求,玉米各生育阶段水分亏缺比较严重;③科尔沁地区玉米4个生长阶段(苗期、营养期、生殖期、成熟期)的作物系数分别为0.52、0.90、1.13和0.64;④波文比能量平衡法可以较准确的估算玉米农田晴天时的蒸散量。  相似文献