Recent environmental changes inferred from the sediments of small lakes in Yellowstone's northern range     

D. R. Engstrom  C. Whitlock  S. C. Fritz  H. E. Wright Jr. 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1991,5(2):139-174

Recent sediments of eight small lakes in the northern winter range of Yellowstone National Park were cored to examine stratigraphic records of past changes in limnology and local environment that might be attributed to grazing and other activities of elk, bison, and other large ungulates. Cores of undisturbed sediment were analyzed at close intervals to depths covering the last 100–150 years according to chronologies established by lead-210 dating. Pollen analyses were made to show change in regional vegetation, and diatom and geochemical analyses were made to reveal possible limnological changes resulting from soil erosion and nutrient input from the lake catchments.Variations in sedimentary components prior to establishment of the Park in 1872 indicate some natural variability in environmental factors e.g., erosional inputs in landslide areas west of Gardiner. All lakes had abundant nutrient inputs.After the Park was founded, fire suppression may have been responsible for small increases in pollen percentages of various conifers and Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush) at different times in different lakes. Perceptible decreases in pollen of willow, aspen, alder, and birch at different times may reflect local ungulate browsing, although drier climatic conditions may have been a factor as well.The most striking manifestation of accelerated erosion in a catchment was found at a lake located beside a road constructed in the 1930s. In contrast to changes at this site, the record of erosion at other lakes is hardly perceptible. Changes in sediment-accumulation rates seen at most sites result from redistribution of sediment within the lake after initial deposition.In the century following Park establishment, the abundance of planktonic diatoms relative to benthic taxa varies among lakes and may reflect differential nutrient inputs or changes in lake level. Four of the five lakes analyzed for diatoms show in the last few decades an increase in planktonic relative to benthic species, implying elevated nutrient inputs. The recent flora, however, is similar to that in pre-Park levels which suggests that these lakes have not been perturbed outside their normal range. Increased nutrient supply in recent decades for at least two of the lakes is supported by the geochemical data, which show an increase in biogenic silica and in organic matter.As a whole, our investigation of the sedimentary record does not support the hypothesis that ungulate grazing has had a strong direct or indirect effect on the vegetation and soil stability in the lake catchments or on the water quality of the lakes.  相似文献   

一种亮星识别算法及其在天文定向中的应用     

詹银虎  郑勇  张超  李铸洋  张中凯 《测绘学报》2015,44(3):257-263

基于全站仪对任意亮星的观测采样,提出了一种利用高度角序列和水平角速率进行联合匹配的任意亮星识别算法。通过引入天体地平坐标计算程序,算法可正确辨别行星和恒星。本文分析了任意亮星高度角和水平角速率的观测误差和计算误差,以此给出了匹配阈值条件的设定依据,并在此基础上制定了有效的匹配策略。仿真计算及实际观测试验均表明,该算法具有100%的识别成功率,远优于现有算法。将此算法应用于任意亮星天文定向,定向结果的内符合精度达到2″,外部检核精度达到1.6″。采用多颗任意亮星进行定向,可有效减弱由测站位置误差引入的定向系统误差,提高绝对定向精度。本文提出的天文定向适用于多云及雾霾天气。  相似文献   

Neutral particle collisional relaxation of suprathermal distributions in aeronomy     

Bernie D. Shizgal 《Planetary and Space Science》2004,52(10):915-922

There are numerous situations in laboratory experiments and in atmospheric science that are characterized by distributions of energetic neutral species with extended high-energy tails. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the relaxation of such isotropic nonequilibrium distributions of neutral species. We consider a minor constituent, referred to as the test-particle dilutely dispersed in a second component that acts as a heat bath at equilibrium. A hard sphere cross section is assumed for the collisions of the test particles and the heat bath particles, and collisions between test particles are not included in the analysis. We study the approach to equilibrium with a finite difference method of solution of the Boltzmann equation. The solution of the Boltzmann equation is also presented as an expansion in the eigenfunctions of the Boltzmann collision operator. The main objective of the paper is the calculation of the energy-dependent relaxation times for the distribution function. It is anticipated that these relaxation times will not exhibit a strong energy dependence owing to the energy-independent hard sphere cross section. This relaxation behaviour is important in the characterization of nonthermal populations of energetic atoms in aeronomy. The results are compared with a similar analysis for Coulomb collisions described in the preceeding paper.  相似文献   

The galactic infrared/submillimeter dust radiation     

P. Cox  P. G. Mezger 《Astronomy and Astrophysics Review》1989,1(1):49-83

Summary The unprecedented quality of the IRAS data prompted a series of papers reinvestigating the origin of the galactic infrared/submillimeter radiation and the nature of the heating sources of the interstellar dust. The scope of this paper is to review the main results of these new studies. Sect. 1 contains a general introduction to the subject and an overview of the earlier work. In Sect. 2 and 3, we summarize our current knowledge on dust properties and on the interstellar radiation field. Then, we present the recent interpretations of the infrared emission of our Galaxy, which are based on the IRAS data: in Sect. 4 we present the results from the galactic disk; Sect. 5 covers the question of the contribution from small dust particles, and in Sect. 6 we describe the infrared radiation from the galactic center. The nature of the heating sources and the origin of the galactic infrared radiation is then discussed in Sect. 7. Finally, Sect. 8 presents a comparison of our Galaxy with external galaxies  相似文献   

舟山近海日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)野生群体与露天养殖越冬群体间的形质差异     

富裕  李鸿鹏  任夙艺  王志铮  林祖好 《海洋与湖沼》2016,47(1):91-98

鉴于舟山沿海日本囊对虾秋苗养殖成活率显著低于春季和夏季人工养殖苗种之实际,深入开展适合于本地沿海养殖的日本囊对虾秋苗的优质亲体的选种研究显得十分必要。为此,作者采用聚类分析、主成分分析和判别分析等方法定量研究了舟山近海日本囊对虾野生群体和露天池塘越冬养成群体间的形质特征差异。结果表明:两者在本研究所涉18项形质评价指标中的相似性指数仅为11.11%,欧氏距离为4.243(P0.01);经主成分分析,提取到的5个特征值均大于1的主成分,累计贡献率达85.27%,其中第1主成分为以营养生理状况指数、额剑上缘锯齿数以及腹部肌肉发达程度为主导的体质强壮因子,第2主成分为以寻食视野与胸腔空间大小为主导的捕食运动功能因子,后3个主成分为以尾节肌肉发达程度为主导的避敌运动功能因子;采用逐步判别法,以判别贡献率较大的9项形质评价指标为自变量,所建Fisher分类函数方程组可清晰区分日本囊对虾野生群体和越冬养成群体,其中野生群体的判别准确率P1、P2分别为99.33%和96.13%,越冬养成群体的判别准确率P1、P2分别为96%和99.31%,两者综合判别准确率为97.67%。因此,日本囊对虾秋苗野生亲本形质特征的选择,应以秋苗越冬养成群体为参照。  相似文献   

现代中国人起源的实证──颅骨特征的时空变化   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

张振标 《第四纪研究》1999,19(2):113-124

本文用数学方法系统地检测了从早期智人到现代人时期中国人颅骨测量性特征的时空变化规律。结果显示,从早期智人到晚期智人的演化过程出现逆向变化、不连续;同时,长江以北的和长江以南的颅骨特征时态变化趋势也呈现显著差异。这两种现象的存在,揭示了现代北方的和南方的中国人可能由各自地区的早期智人演化而来。  相似文献   

富营养化对湖泊消费者群落碳源和氮源的影响——以白洋淀为例     

秦珊  崔建升  申立娜  张璐璐  剧泽佳  付雨 《湖泊科学》2020,32(6):1657-1670

富营养化对湖泊生态系统能流和物流的影响具有不确定性,多数研究仅关注富营养化对浅水湖泊食物网结构和功能的影响,而富营养化对消费者群落碳源和氮源的影响及其时空分异特征较少关注.鉴于此,本研究选取华北平原最大的浅水富营养化湖泊——白洋淀为研究区,依据生境理化参数将白洋淀划分为3类生境（生境1（Ⅰ和Ⅱ区）主要遭受上游府河废水排放影响;生境2（Ⅴ、Ⅶ和Ⅷ区）主要遭受水产养殖和生活污水的影响;生境3（Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅵ区）遭受人为干扰较小）.在2018年4月和8月分别收集了浮游生物、底栖生物和鱼类样品,运用碳、氮稳定同位素技术定量估算3类生境中底栖和浮游生物对消费者群落碳源和氮源贡献百分比的时空分异特征;同时收集水体和沉积物样品进行常规理化参数分析,明晰富营养化对白洋淀消费者群落碳源和氮源贡献百分比的影响.结果表明：1）就水体和沉积物理化参数季节变化而言,除pH相对稳定外,化学需氧量（COD）、沉积物氨氮（NH₃-Ns）、总氮（TN）和沉积物总磷（TPs）4月高于8月,而其他理化参数则8月高于4月;就空间分布而言,温度（T）、水深（WD）、溶解氧（DO）和沉积物总碳（TCs）值在生境3中最高,而其他理化参数的值则在生境1中最高;2）就δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N空间分布而言,对于同一群落,δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N在3类生境中富集程度呈现显著差异;就时间分布而言,不同季节消费者群落的δ¹³C值存在显著差异,而δ¹⁵N值未呈现显著差异,且消费者群落的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N呈显著负相关;3）就消费者营养级的空间分布而言,3类生境存在显著差异,同一消费者营养级在生境1中最高,在生境3中最低;就时间分布而言,消费者营养级未呈现显著差异;4）浮游生物对消费者群落碳源和氮源贡献百分比4月高于8月,生境1高于其他生境;而底栖生物对消费者群落碳源和氮源贡献百分比则8月高于4月,生境3高于其他生境;5）通过相关分析,结果表明白洋淀消费者群落的δ¹³C与总磷（TP）、TCs、沉积物总氮（TNs）、总有机碳（TOCs）、TPs呈现负相关关系;δ¹⁵N值与TP、TCs、TNs、TOCs、TPs呈正相关关系.因此,湖泊富营养化会影响消费者群落的碳源和氮源,进而改变湖泊生态系统的能流和物流.  相似文献   

Search for hidden pearl mussel populations at the Russian section of the Baltic Sea     

《Limnologica》2019

The freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera (L., 1758) is considered to be a critically endangered species. It is important to obtain information on the distribution and status of the surviving populations of the species, but in Russia this work is still problematic due to the size of the country’s territory, combined with the insufficient number of available specialists. “Searching rules” have been proposed to remotely identify potential pearl mussel habitats in rivers. The most important criteria are relating to the lakes found at the rivers’ sources, as well as to the extent of the deforestation along river basins. About 200 watercourses of the Russian section of the Baltic Sea basin were evaluated using these “rules”. As a result, two previously unknown, viable populations were discovered (comprising about 53,000 specimens), while the absence of pearl mussels was made evident among some rivers which were traditionally believed to be their habitats. The obtained data provides an update on the status of pearl mussels in Russian territories located south of the 61 st degree of latitude. There are 10 populations of this species; 4 of them are almost extinct, 6 are relatively numerous but declining. The total number of pearl mussels hardly exceeds 90,000 individuals.  相似文献   

长江口水下三角洲泥质区近期沉积物粒度变化特征及其影响因素   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

张瑞  汪亚平  高建华  潘少明 《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2011,(5):9-16

河口水下三角洲是河流和海洋环境共同作用的产物,沉积地层中蕴藏了许多环境变化信息.在长江口水下三角洲泥质区采集了柱样SC09,首先利用放射性同位素210Pb确定了沉积柱样的平均沉积速率,其次对沉积柱样以0.2 cm间隔进行高分辨率取样,获得了沉积物粒度参数,然后提取了沉积物粒度敏感组分,并对其进行了经验模态分解(EMD)...  相似文献   

成矿系统分析与新类型矿床预测   总被引：27，自引：3，他引：24  

翟裕生  彭润民  邓军  王建平 《地学前缘》2000,7(1):123-132

新类型矿床的发现常能带来矿产储量的巨量增长 ,是新世纪中保障矿产资源供应的一个重要途径。成矿系统分析对发现新类型矿床有重要意义。 (1)掌握一个区域成矿系统中各矿床类型间相互关系 ,由已知矿床类型找寻未知矿床类型 ,这已在长江中下游成矿带的找矿历史中得到证实。 (2 )认识成矿系统的空间结构 ,主要是垂向分带 ,有助于找寻深部的隐伏矿床类型。 (3)查明成矿系统的时间结构 ,包括成矿过程中矿床类型的迭变关系 ,可由已知矿化链条查找缺失的矿化链条 (矿床类型 ) ,这在岩浆热液成矿系统中常能奏效。 (4 )查明成矿系统中矿床类型多样性的制约因素 ,可据此分析相关区域中发现新类型矿床的潜力。 (5)研究新的成矿环境和新的成矿作用 ,从而发现新的矿床类型。在生物成矿系统、深海成矿系统、低温成矿系统、构造成矿系统及叠加成矿系统中有更大的发现新类型矿床的几率。文中提出近期内可能发现的新的铂族元素矿床类型。笔者还指出今后的找矿目标 ,应是整个成矿系统 ,而不是局限于单个矿床及单个矿床类型 ,这样才可能不失去发现新类型矿床的机会。  相似文献