Principal component analysis of tsunami buoy record: Tide prediction and removal     

Elena Tolkova   《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2009,46(1-4):62-82

Principal component or Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis is applied to tsunameter records by treating them as two-dimensional signals, where the second dimension is created by breaking a single time series into cycles and treating the cycle number as a second dimension. Under certain conditions, principal components calculated from different records are shown to determine the same functional space. Signal decomposition into pre-calculated principal components is used to predict or extract the tidal component of a record. This work shows that EOF processing allows for short-term tidal predictions at tsunami buoy locations with the precision of more advanced methods and with minimal a priori knowledge about tidal dynamics. Also shown is that filtering in EOF domain is sensitive to the non-tidal component of a record and therefore presents a tool for early tsunami detection and quantification.  相似文献   

基于多重网格策略的NLS-3DVar资料融合方法及其在气温数据融合中的应用     

张璐  田向军  刘宣飞  师春香 《气候与环境研究》2017,22(3):271-288

将多重网格策略引入NLS-3DVar(Non-linear Least Squares-based on Three-dimensional Variational Data Assimilation,非线性最小二乘三维变分同化)方法,进而应用于2400多个国家级气象观测站逐时气温数据和NCEP再分析气温数据的融合,得到中国区域空间分辨率1°×1°,时间分辨率为6小时的气温融合产品。分别从单重网格(分辨率1°×1°)和双重网格(分辨率由2°×2°到1°×1°)利用2014年1~12月(4、5月除外)的独立检验数据考察NLS-3DVar气温融合产品质量,验证基于多重网格策略的NLS-3DVar方法的优越性。在单重网格下,与广泛应用于气象行业的Cressman插值产品(均方根误差和相关系数的年平均值分别为1.961°C d~(-1)和0.924)相比,NLS-3DVar产品全年始终具有最小的均方根误差和最大的相关系数,年平均值分别为1.915°C d~(-1)和0.929;站点间误差分析进一步表明,NLS-3DVar产品在大多数检验站点精度更高,在新疆、甘肃、云南、陕西等地区尤为突出;加入双重网格策略的NLS-3DVar产品与单重网格的NLS-3DVar产品误差对比显示,均方根误差年平均值分别为1.649°C d~(-1)和1.711°C d~(-1),相关系数年平均值分别为0.970和0.968,二者在均方根误差和相关系数的表现上都极为相似,即双重网格NLS-3DVar气温产品尽管对观测数据采取了稀疏化处理,但依旧维持了原有的产品精度,并且在计算效率上提高了1倍多。而与同样在双重网格下基于多尺度的STMAS(Space–Time Multiscale Analysis System)算法相比,双重网格的NLS-3DVar产品在产品精度上同样占据优势,在计算效率上单位时次耗时与STMAS算法几乎相当。  相似文献   

近30年来三江源典型区湿地变化驱动力分析     

赵峰  刘华  张怀清  邹文涛 《湿地科学与管理》2012,8(3):57-60

基于三江源典型区(索加-曲麻河自然保护区)1977—2007年的遥感影像解译数据和统计资料,采用偏相关分析筛选与湿地变化显著相关的因子,通过主成分分析、灰色关联度分析驱动因子对湿地变化的贡献率大小。结果表明:近30年来湿地变化的驱动因素主要为气候因素,其中以年平均气温、年蒸发量和年平均相对湿度为重要影响因子。通过计算主要影响因子对湿地变化的灰色关联度,认为年平均相对湿度和年蒸发量对河流湿地变化的贡献率最大,年平均温度与湖泊湿地、沼泽湿地和河滩地动态变化的关联程度最高。  相似文献   

应用综合异常指数进行地下流体前兆综合分析     

许秋龙  李艳萍 《内陆地震》2004,18(3):228-234

在对地下流体单项前兆进行异常识别和效能评价的基础上,应用综合异常指数方法对新疆38项地下流体前兆观测资料进行分析,结果表明该方法不仅能较好地识别和提取地震短临前兆,还能对成组地震事件有所显示。  相似文献   

Development and application of a livable environment evaluation support system using Web GIS   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Ai?SakamotoEmail author  Hiromichi?Fukui 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2004,6(2):175-195

This research proposes a Web-Service that supports the interpretation of the local environment objectively through visualized spatial information, and evaluation of the value subjectively through interactive interfaces. This article focuses on the livable environment whose criteria have become diversified in recent years. In order to highlight such varieties of values during evaluation, the proposed system, LEES (Livable Environment Evaluation-support System) aids exploratory evaluating process by: 1) clarifying ambiguous preferences of livability using a Fuzzy Structure Model, 2) analyzing areas using multi-criteria according to the individual preference structure, and 3) visualizing distributions of the results for supporting decision-making. In order to validate this system, sensitivities of typical preference scenarios are analyzed. Additional uses of this Web GIS-based system are also discussed. An empirical study directly involving citizens is in progress to improve the social effectiveness of the system.  相似文献   

Dispersion Measurements of <Emphasis Type="Italic">P</Emphasis> Waves and their Implications for Mantle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Q</Emphasis><Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis></Subscript>     

R. J. R.?Devilee  J.?TrampertEmail author  H.?Paulssen 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2003,160(12):2223-2238

We analyze the anelasticity of the earth using group delays of P-body waves of deep (>200 km) events in the period range 4–32 s for epicentral distances of 5–85 degrees. We show that Time Frequency Analysis (TFA), which is usually applied to very dispersive surface waves, can be applied to the much less dispersive P-body waves to measure frequency-dependent group delays with respect to arrival times predicted from the CMT centroid location and PREM reference model. We find that the measured dispersion is due to: (1) anelasticity (described by the P-wave quality factor Q _p ), (2) ambient noise, which results in randomly distributed noise in the dispersion measurements, (3) interference with other phases (triplications, crustal reverberations, conversions at deep mantle boundaries), for which the total dispersion depends on the amplitude and time separation between the different phases, and (4) the source time function, which is dispersive when the wavelet is asymmetrical or contains subevents. These mechanisms yield dispersion ranging in the order of one to 10 seconds with anelasticity responsible for the more modest dispersion. We select 150 seismograms which all have small coda amplitudes extending to ten percent of the main arrival, minimizing the effect of interference. The main P waves have short durations, minimizing effects of the source. We construct a two-layer model of Q _p with an interface at 660 km depth and take Q _p constant with period. Our data set is too small to solve for a possible frequency dependence of Q _p . The upper mantle Q ₁ is 476 [299–1176] and the lower mantle Q ₂ is 794 [633–1064] (the bracketed numbers indicate the 68 percent confidence range of Q _p ^–1). These values are in-between the AK135 model (Kennett et al., 1995) and the PREM model (Dziewonski and Anderson, 1981) for the lower mantle and confirm results of Warren and Shearer (2000) that the upper mantle is less attenuating than PREM and AK135.  相似文献   

江苏省数字地震前兆观测资料的初步分析   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

冯志生  杨从杰  梅卫萍  张秀霞 《华南地震》2003,23(2):1-12

在对江苏数字前兆观测资料分类的基础上,对其中的干扰及其特征和机理进行了初步描述,发现地电阻率观测值在远大震前的前驱波变化、自流热水井水位与地热同震效应的同步变化值得今后进一步深入研究;FHD磁力仪分量观测转向差的长期漂移,可避免今后应用该仪器观测资料时出现缪误。另外,苏16井井口脱气装置的改造对今后数字水化学观测改造有一定的借鉴作用。  相似文献   

Spatiotemporal characteristics of the displacement field revealed with principal component analysis and the mode-rotation technique     

Masashi Kawamura  Koshun Yamaoka   《Tectonophysics》2006,419(1-4):55-73

Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the displacement field recorded at 147 GPS stations in the Kanto-Tokai district, Japan, for the period from January 1999 to February 2003. Some prominent geophysical events occurred during this period. Using PCA, we attempted to decompose the displacement field into some representative spatial modes and their corresponding temporal modes to quantitatively extract the primary geophysical events that have caused rapid crustal deformation in this region. The displacement field was roughly decomposed into modes corresponding to the following three major events: (1) The Miyake-Kozu volcanic event, which occurred in the region south of Tokyo in 2000. It included large-scale dyke intrusion and intensive earthquake swarm between the Miyakejima and Kozushima islands. (2) The Tokai slow-slip event, which is considered to have begun just after the Miyake-Kozu volcanic event and is ongoing as of November 2005. It occurred on the boundary between the subducting Philippine Sea Plate and the overriding Eurasian (Amurian) Plate in the Tokai district. (3) The Boso slow-slip event, which lasted for approximately 10 days in October 2002. It occurred on the boundary between the subducting Pacific Plate and the overriding North American Plate near the Boso Peninsula. In the decomposition process, we combined the mode-rotation technique with ordinary PCA. This is because PCA causes contamination between modes, i.e., a mode obtained with PCA is contaminated by other modes. For example, the first principal mode corresponding to the Miyake-Kozu volcanic event, which is by far the largest in magnitude, was clearly seen in many other modes. In order to remove such contamination, we applied the mode-rotation technique, in which the principal axes derived from PCA are rotated so as to minimize the correlation coefficients between different temporal modes for a time period in which some prominent change occurs. Combining the mode-rotation technique with PCA exhibited a better performance in separating the displacement field.  相似文献   

The determination of trace elements in Fe–Mn oxide coatings on pebbles using LA-ICP-MS     

Sheldon R. Huelin  Henry P. Longerich  Derek H.C. Wilton  Brian J. Fryer 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2006,91(1-3):110-124

Iron–manganese oxide coatings form on a wide range of geologic samples where they have the ability to adsorb elements and potentially act as a mineral exploration/environmental monitoring tool. In this study, Fe–Mn oxide coatings on stream pebbles were collected from streams in four study areas located across the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The study locations were in areas of former copper mines (Tilt Cove and Betts Cove), carbonate geology (Robinsons River), and a metropolitan area (Rennies River). Collected pebbles underwent a simple sample preparation procedure and were then analyzed for a wide range of elements by LA-ICP-MS after optimization of the operating conditions. Water samples accompanied the pebbles, and these were analyzed for pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and a large selection of elements by ICP-MS. Multivariate statistics, in the form of Principal Component Factor Analysis (PCFA) was performed on both data sets. Graphs of the factor scores from the PCFA produced groupings of the samples that were related to geologic/environmental inputs. The loading of variables in each factor was related to the adsorption of the element either to the MnO₂ or Fe₂O₃ phase with most elements except Cr and Cu displaying preferential adsorption to MnO₂. Elemental Fe–Mn oxide coating concentrations were a result of the element's affinity (chalcophile, lithophile, or siderophile), pH of the environment, stream water concentration, and amount of each oxide phase present. Even with these complications, LA-ICP-MS analysis of Fe–Mn oxides was able to identify areas of heavy metal pollution and locate geologic inputs.  相似文献   

Benefits of the combined use of stochastic multi-criteria evaluation with principal components analysis     

Oswald Marinoni 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2006,20(5):319-334

Multi-criteria analysis techniques are well known decision support methods and are widely applied in various disciplines. However, defining the input criteria values for the basic decision matrix which contains all criteria values for every alternative considered is normally not an easy task. Especially qualitative criteria variables which are frequently represented as linguistic terms may be hard to quantify. Moreover, some criteria cannot be represented by just one crisp value, but they may offer a range of possible values. Stochastic multi-criteria approaches which call for distribution models instead of single numerical values can be used in these cases. Outranking multi-criteria methods proved that simulation based stochastic techniques are well suited to give better insight into the preference structure of a variety of decision alternatives. However, besides the knowledge of the preference structure, it is also important to find out about the similarity of decision alternatives which allows a modeller to categorize a decision alternative as a really unique option or as just one option out of a greater subset of very similar alternatives. To be able to perform this categorization, principal components analysis (PCA) was used. The results of the PCA are compared to the results of a stochastic outranking analysis.  相似文献