Differentiating capacities as a means to sustainable climate change adaptation     

《Global Environmental Change》2014

There are two forms of capacity to adapt to global change: those associated with fundamental human development goals (generic capacity), and those necessary for managing and reducing specific climatic threats (specific). We argue that these two domains of capacity must be addressed explicitly, simultaneously and iteratively if climate change adaptation and sustainable development goals are to be attained. We propose a simple heuristic to understand the four main ways these two capacities interact, leading to more or less desirable outcomes. Drawing from three case studies of agricultural adaptation to climatic risk (Phoenix, AZ; Northeast Brazil; Chiapas, Mexico) we argue that the institutional context of adaptation can implicitly or explicitly undermine one form of capacity with repercussions for the development of the other. A better and more strategic balance of generic and specific capacities is needed if the promised synergies between sustainable development and adaptation are to be achieved.  相似文献   

云南大关寿山水电站地质灾害危险性评估     

杨渊 《云南地质》2014,(1):98-102,116

在工程建设中,地质灾害的发生往往与工程周边复杂的地质环境条件密切相关,山地区域由于地质地形条件复杂,使得工程地质灾害发生的可能性和危险性大大增加.以云南大关寿山水电站为例,介绍了地质灾害评估工作的基本过程和特点,对一般水电站的地质灾害危险性评估工作具有一定的参考价值.  相似文献   

论气候变暖背景下干旱和干旱灾害风险特征与管理策略简   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Zhang Qiang  Han Lanying  Zhang Liyang  Wang Jingsong 《地球科学进展》2014,29(1):80-91

The drought is a most severe natural disaster worldwide, which leads to great risk in human being. The drought disaster and risk have more prominent because of obvious climatic warming in the last hundred years. At present, the understanding of the internal laws of the occurrence of drought and drought risk is not comprehensive, and the recognition of the characteristics of the drought and drought risk under climatic warming is obscure. In this paper, we summarized systematically the domestic and overseas research progress of the drought and drought disaster risk, introduced the principle of the drought disaster transfer process and the essential features of drought disaster, analyzed synthetically the main characteristics and interactions among the key factors of the drought disaster risk, discussed the effect of climatic warming on drought and drought disaster risk, and probed into the basic requirement of drought disaster risk management. Above all, we provide the main protective measurements of the drought disaster and the main strategy of drought disaster risk management.  相似文献   

日常和旅游两种情景的自然接触对儿童亲环境行为意愿的影响差异——兼论自然联结的中介效应     

彭红松  韩娅  虞虎  章锦河  钟士恩  候梦娇 《地理研究》2022,41(2):358-372

儿童是保护环境的积极行动者,激发其亲环境行为意愿是应对环境问题挑战的现实需求。然而,已有研究却很少关注儿童的亲环境行为意愿及其驱动机制。文章采用问卷调查和访谈相结合的混合研究方法,以南京市小学儿童为样本,旨在通过分析儿童自然经验图式的特点,探究日常和旅游两种情景的自然接触对儿童亲环境行为意愿的影响差异,并检验自然联结在其中扮演的中介角色。结果发现：① 与日常自然接触相比,旅游自然接触更能激发儿童的亲环境行为意愿;② 自然接触促进自然联结主要体现在情感维度,其次是认知维度,而自然联结促进亲环境行为意愿以认知路径为主,情感路径为辅;③ 情感型和认知型自然联结在自然接触与亲环境行为意愿间扮演双重中介角色,且认知型自然联结的中介效应高于情感型自然联结的中介效应。研究结果对科学制定面向儿童的自然空间规划和环境教育策略具有参考价值。  相似文献   

城市消防应急指挥地理信息服务系统开发研究     

周士刚 《测绘与空间地理信息》2014,(5):133-136

阐述了GIS(地理信息系统)的概念、特点以及GIS技术应用的范围,分析了城市消防附属设施资源与GIS技术的紧密相关特性。以城市消防部门应用需求为基础,提出了基于GIS技术的城市消防应急指挥地理信息系统结构设计、数据库设计、专题空间地理信息数据设计、功能设计等。最后结合哈尔滨市城市消防应急指挥地理信息系统开发试验,展示了部分项目开发内容。  相似文献   

Assess hydrological responses to a warming climate at the Lysina Critical Zone Observatory in Central Europe     

Wenjuan Zheng  Anna Lamačová  Xuan Yu  Pavel Krám  Jakub Hruška  Pavel Zahradníček  Petr Štěpánek  Aleš Farda 《水文研究》2021,35(9):e14281

Climate warming is having profound effects on the hydrological cycle by increasing atmospheric demand, changing water availability, and snow seasonality. Europe suffered three distinct heat waves in 2019, and 11 of the 12 hottest years ever recorded took place in the past two decades, which will potentially change seasonal streamflow patterns and long-term trends. Central Europe exhibited six dry years in a row since 2014. This study uses data from a well-documented headwater catchment in Central Europe (Lysina) to explore hydrological responses to a warming climate. We applied a lumped parameter hydrologic model Brook90 and a distributed model Penn State Integrated Hydrologic Model (PIHM) to simulate long-term hydrological change under future climate scenarios. Both models performed well on historic streamflow and in agreement with each other according to the catchment water budget. In addition, PIHM was able to simulate lateral groundwater redistribution within the catchment validated by the groundwater table dynamics. The long-term trends in runoff and low flow were captured by PIHM only. We applied different EURO-CORDEX models with two emission scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways RCP 4.5, 8.5) and found significant impacts on runoff and evapotranspiration (ET) for the period of 2071–2100. Results from both models suggested reduced runoff and increased ET, while the monthly distribution of runoff was different. We used this catchment study to understand the importance of subsurface processes in projection of hydrologic response to a warming climate.  相似文献   

生态地质环境承载力研究进展          下载免费PDF全文

赵银兵  倪忠云  欧阳渊  袁材栋  陈馨熠  王东  刘晶晶  刘洪 《沉积与特提斯地质》2022,42(4):529-541

生态地质环境从生态地质学和环境地质学发展而来,由地质环境、生态环境和社会经济环境三个子系统构成一个有机整体,它与环境类承载力结合形成生态地质环境承载力,表征环境能够承受的人类活动阈限。国内的生态地质环境承载力研究分为2000年以前的准备阶段、2000-2010年探索前进阶段、2011年至今的稳定发展阶段,国家重大方针政策实施和重大生态地质环境事件影响了承载力的研究方向。生态地质环境子系统和系统的承载力发展程度存在差异,生态环境承载力研究较多、地质环境承载力研究次之、社会经济环境承载力研究相对较少,系统承载力研究处于不断整合之中。已有研究在学科交叉融合、耦合机制、模拟预测模型集成和国家重大需求服务响应等方面存在不足。未来生态地质环境承载力研究应坚持系统观,统合子系统和系统两个尺度,从拓展学科纵深关联、深化多维耦合机制、发展集成模拟预测模型、面向国家与社会需求等方面将研究推向新高度。  相似文献   

Using simulated data to investigate the spatial patterns of obesity prevalence at the census tract level in metropolitan Detroit     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2015

Obesity is a serious public health problem in the United States. It is important to estimate obesity prevalence at the local level to target programmatic and policy interventions. It is challenging, however, to obtain local estimates of obesity prevalence because national health surveys such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) are not designed to produce direct estimates at the local levels (e.g. census tracts) due to small population samples and the need to preserve individual confidentiality. In this study we address the problem of estimating local obesity prevalence rates by implementing a spatial microsimulation modeling technique to proportionally replicate the demographic characteristics of BRFSS respondents to census tract populations in metropolitan Detroit. Obesity prevalence rates are examined for high and low spatial clusters and studied in relation to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) measures of low-income neighborhoods and local food deserts and CDC's measure of healthy and less healthy food environments currently used to target obesity reduction initiatives. This study found that obesity prevalence was largely clustered in the City of Detroit extending north into contiguous suburbs. The spatial patterns of highest obesity prevalence tracts were most similarly aligned with USDA-defined low-income tracts and CDC's less healthy food tracts. The locations of USDA's food desert tracts rarely overlapped with the highest obesity prevalence tracts. This study demonstrated a new methodology by which to assess local areas in need of future obesity interventions.  相似文献   

Social capital and community preparation for urban flooding in China     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2015

Social capital can enhance community resilience to environmental change. Productive and trusted relations among social actors and effectual social norms can help local residents share resources, information and risks. The main objective of our study is to understand the ways in which social attributes and risk considerations influence adoption of resilient economic measures by individuals for reducing potential losses due to catastrophic rainstorm and flooding. This article provides evidence from China on how social capital contributes to anticipatory adaptation to environmental change. The inquiry is based on structured interviews with local residents of Tianjin, a flood-prone port city in China, and a standard regression analysis. Findings show that the intention to make preparation increases with the levels of social expectation, social relationship, and institutional trust. Perceived risk and damage experience, however, have no significant impacts. This suggests that building social capacity and trust will be more effective in enhancing community resilience than merely increasing awareness of hazard risks. We call for greater efforts on strengthening the capacity of formal and informal communal institutions. The structural changes required, however, are challenging.  相似文献   

Data,interface, security: Assembling technologies that govern the future     

《Geoforum》2015

Over the last decade, fire governance practices in the British Fire and Rescue Service (FRS) have undergone fundamental transformation. Rather than just being responded to as and when they occur, the FRS have adopted a range of anticipatory governing strategies to govern fires in anticipation of their occurence. This turn towards anticipatory governance has been facilitated in no small part by the digital infrastructure now embedded in the FRS. Composed of data, hardware, software, fibre-optic cables along with human analysts and organisational processes, this infrastructure operates to make risk projections on fire which shape and condition strategic decision making. This paper explores the operation of this digital infrastructure through the notion of interface. Drawing on empirical material relating to processes of data sourcing and risk calculation, interfaces account for the sites, moments and experiences in which human and non-human agents relate to one another in making fire risk projections. Showing relations to exist spatially, temporally and sensually, I argue that interfaces are crucial to the operation of an anticipatory security apparatus which relies on digital devices.  相似文献