全文获取类型
收费全文 | 909篇 |
免费 | 169篇 |
国内免费 | 179篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 128篇 |
大气科学 | 163篇 |
地球物理 | 329篇 |
地质学 | 303篇 |
海洋学 | 171篇 |
天文学 | 25篇 |
综合类 | 56篇 |
自然地理 | 82篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 5篇 |
2023年 | 7篇 |
2022年 | 19篇 |
2021年 | 25篇 |
2020年 | 30篇 |
2019年 | 25篇 |
2018年 | 39篇 |
2017年 | 41篇 |
2016年 | 34篇 |
2015年 | 40篇 |
2014年 | 51篇 |
2013年 | 52篇 |
2012年 | 53篇 |
2011年 | 77篇 |
2010年 | 45篇 |
2009年 | 53篇 |
2008年 | 49篇 |
2007年 | 74篇 |
2006年 | 66篇 |
2005年 | 44篇 |
2004年 | 52篇 |
2003年 | 40篇 |
2002年 | 37篇 |
2001年 | 33篇 |
2000年 | 28篇 |
1999年 | 45篇 |
1998年 | 36篇 |
1997年 | 36篇 |
1996年 | 29篇 |
1995年 | 23篇 |
1994年 | 10篇 |
1993年 | 13篇 |
1992年 | 14篇 |
1991年 | 5篇 |
1990年 | 6篇 |
1989年 | 8篇 |
1988年 | 6篇 |
1987年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有1257条查询结果,搜索用时 328 毫秒
111.
粗糙元几何参数的交互作用对床面空气动力学粗糙度的影响 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
为了全面地揭示粗糙元的所有几何参数的交互作用对空气动力学粗糙度的影响,利用风洞实验研究了粗糙元高度、密度、高度与间距比、孔隙度和方向比率等几何参数交互作用对空气动力学粗糙度的影响。结果表明,密实和孔隙粗糙元的无量纲空气动力学粗糙度(空气动力学粗糙度度/粗糙元高度)均可表示为粗糙元密度/等效密度的正比例函数,而比例系数反映了粗糙元几何参数交互作用。据此,该研究发展了一个全面反映粗糙元高度h、密度/等效密度λ、高度与行间距比Sp和方向比率AR等几何参数交互作用的空气动力学粗糙度模式:Z0h=-0.0028+0.5403S0.32p·AR-0.07·λ。该模式改进了模拟的精度,扩大了适用范围。 相似文献
112.
中国西北干旱区戈壁下垫面夏季的热力输送 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
以敦煌戈壁站2004年6月和2008年8月的常规观测和超声观测为例,分析了西北干旱区戈壁下垫面夏季热力输送的一般过程及特征。首先评价了湍流通量的观测质量以及仪器观测的地表能量通量闭合问题,结果表明敦煌戈壁站的观测在白天总体较好。夏季地表能量通量的平均日变化显示,潜热通量整天都很小,可以忽略,白天到达地表的短波辐射以及地表向上的长波辐射非常强,地表净辐射主要转化为感热输送(敦煌戈壁站在中午时平均分别达380W·m-2以上和250W·m-2以上);夜间土壤释放热量以平衡地表的辐射冷却,感热通量略低于0。白天时地表大气经常触发自由对流活动,影响动量通量的观测质量,并有效输送地表热力至上层大气中,有助于形成超厚大气边界层。分析了戈壁下垫面的动量粗糙度特征和热力粗糙度特征(敦煌戈壁站动量粗糙度约为0.6mm),热力粗糙度基本小于动量粗糙度一个量级,这符合目前对干旱区戈壁下垫面热力输送特征的初步认识。 相似文献
113.
利用2007年4月17日-2008年4月16日兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站边界层气象塔的风速、 风向、 温度、 气压、 湿度等观测资料, 采用经典的廓线法和风速、 风向标准差法, 分别计算了中性大气层结下观测站下垫面粗糙度长度, 并得到了具有黄土高原地理特征的地表粗糙度及其时空变化特征。计算结果表明, 季节变化对粗糙度的影响幅度可达0.159 m, 空间非均一性对粗糙度的影响幅度可达0.155 m。测站附近粗糙度春季为0.017 m, 夏季为0.062 m, 秋季为0.065 m, 冬季为0.018 m。测站西北方向上游粗糙度春季为0.17 m, 夏季为0.22 m, 秋季为0.34 m, 冬季为0.05 m。测站东南方向上游粗糙度春季为0.11 m, 夏季为0.17 m, 秋季为0.19 m, 冬季为0.05 m。该站下垫面粗糙度计算宜选用风速为6±1.5 m·s-1, 风向变化30°范围内的数据。 相似文献
114.
湍流通量参数化方案的非迭代方法研究 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
基于Högström (1996) 和Beljaars et al.(1991) 的研究工作, 沿用Louis et al.(1982) 和Launiainen (1995) 的思路, 本文采用多元回归分析方法, 研发了一种采用非迭代方法的湍流通量参数化方案。该方案直接用整体理查森数、 空气动力学粗糙度长度和热力学粗糙度长度对稳定度参数进行参数化, 从而避免了通过循环迭代计算Monin-Obukhov长度。该方案不仅有效地节省了CPU计算时间, 而且其计算结果与迭代方案 (BHH方案) 的计算结果非常接近。 相似文献
115.
116.
利用黄河源区气候与环境综合观测研究站2006年10月—2007年4月的湍流观测资料和一种新的方法,计算了青藏高原东部玛曲地区土壤冻融过程中的地表粗糙度。结果表明:所用的计算粗糙度的方法是可行的,玛曲土壤未冻结阶段、冻结阶段和融化后阶段的地表粗糙度分别为3.23×10-3m,2.27×10-3m和1.92×10-3m,地表粗糙度呈逐渐减小的趋势。三阶段地表粗糙度有明显区别,以前将冬季前后的粗糙度取为定值的计算会导致一定的误差。 相似文献
117.
The Effect of Stratification on the Aerodynamic Roughness Length and Displacement Height 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S. S. Zilitinkevich I. Mammarella A. A. Baklanov S. M. Joffre 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,129(2):179-190
The roughness length, z
0u
, and displacement height, d
0u
, characterise the resistance exerted by the roughness elements on turbulent flows and provide a conventional boundary condition
for a wide range of turbulent-flow problems. Classical laboratory experiments and theories treat z
0u
and d
0u
as geometric parameters independent of the characteristics of the flow. In this paper, we demonstrate essential stability
dependences—stronger for the roughness length (especially in stable stratification) and weaker but still pronounced for the
displacement height. We develop a scaling-analysis model for these dependences and verify it against experimental data. 相似文献
118.
Temporal and Spatial Variations of the Aerodynamic Roughness Length in the Ablation Zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
To understand the response of the Greenland ice sheet to climate change the so-called ablation zone is of particular importance,
since it accommodates the yearly net surface ice loss. In numerical models and for data analysis, the bulk aerodynamic method
is often used to calculate the turbulent surface fluxes, for which the aerodynamic roughness length (z
0) is a key parameter. We present, for the first time, spatial and temporal variations of z
0 in the ablation area of the Greenland ice sheet using year-round data from three automatic weather stations and one eddy-correlation
mast. The temporal variation of z
0 is found to be very high in the lower ablation area (factor 500) with, at the end of the summer melt, a maximum in spatial
variation for the whole ablation area of a factor 1000. The variation in time matches the onset of the accumulation and ablation
season as recovered by sonic height rangers. During winter, snow accumulation and redistribution by snow drift lead to a uniform
value of z
0≈ 10−4 m throughout the ablation area. At the beginning of summer, snow melt uncovers ice hummocks and z
0 quickly increases well above 10−2 m in the lower ablation area. At the end of summer melt, hummocky ice dominates the surface with z
0 > 5 × 10−3 m up to 60 km from the ice edge. At the same time, the area close to the equilibrium line (about 90 km from the ice edge)
remains very smooth with z
0 = 10−5 m. At the beginning of winter, we observed that single snow events have the potential to lower z
0 for a very rough ice surface by a factor of 20 to 50. The total surface drag of the abundant small-scale ice hummocks apparently
dominates over the less frequent large domes and deep gullies. The latter results are verified by studying the individual
drag contributions of hummocks and domes with a drag partition model. 相似文献
119.
We test a surface renewal model that is widely used over snow and ice surfaces to calculate the scalar roughness length (z s ), one of the key parameters in the bulk aerodynamic method. For the first time, the model is tested against observations that cover a wide range of aerodynamic roughness lengths (z 0). During the experiments, performed in the ablation areas of the Greenland ice sheet and the Vatnajökull ice cap in Iceland, the surface varied from smooth snow to very rough hummocky ice. Over relatively smooth snow and ice with z 0 below a threshold value of approximately 10?3 m, the model performs well and in accord with earlier studies. However, with growing hummock size, z 0 increases well above the threshold and the bulk aerodynamic flux becomes significantly smaller than the eddy-correlation flux (e.g. for z 0 = 0.01 m, the bulk aerodynamic flux is about 50% smaller). Apparently, the model severely underpredicts z s over hummocky ice. We argue that the surface renewal model does not account for the deep inhomogeneous roughness sublayer (RSL) that is generated by the hummocks. As a consequence, the homogeneous substrate ice grain cover becomes more efficiently ‘ventilated’. Calculations with an alternative model that includes the RSL and was adapted for use over hummocky ice, qualitatively confirms our observations. We suggest that, whenever exceedance of the threshold occurs (z 0 > 10?3 m, i.e., an ice surface covered with at least 0.3-m high hummocks), the following relation should be used to calculate scalar roughness lengths, ln (z s /z 0) = 1.5 ? 0.2 ln (Re *) ? 0.11(ln (Re *))2. 相似文献
120.
Short-term wave design approach of marine structures, using nonlinear time domain simulations, is a design procedure that is recognized by various modern standard codes. One of the most challenging points of this approach is the evaluation of the characteristic extreme values for response parameters used in the design check equations. The most straightforward and recommended way to evaluate a response characteristic value is by fitting an extreme value probability distribution to the N-sample of extreme values extracted from N independent time domain simulations with duration equal to the short-term period indicated by the code, which is usually taken as 3 h. However, this procedure would not be practical for some types of marine structures, such as risers and mooring lines, under numerous design load cases and demanding huge finite element models. A more feasible approach would be to assess the response extreme value distribution using only a single short-term time domain simulation with duration shorter than 3 h. But reduced time simulations always introduce some additional statistical uncertainty into the extreme values estimates. This paper discusses a workable way of properly taking into account the statistical uncertainty associated with the simulation length in the assessment of a characteristic short-term extreme response value based on a single time series. 相似文献