沙尘暴垂直输运的两相流理论Ⅱ：气柱挟卷模式   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

刘飞  巢纪平 《气象学报》2009,67(1):11-19

为了改进气块法对沙尘沉降问题的研究,文中利用气柱法,考虑沙尘气体与环境的交换作用以及气柱内湍流交换作用.计算结果表明,均匀场中有利于沉降的条件为较大的初始沙尘浓度扰动与较小的初始温度扰动,而且温度扩散系数越大越有利于沙尘沉降,沙尘浓度扩散系数越大越不利于沙尘沉降,湍流过程在均匀场中对沙尘沉降影响不大.考虑剑更真实的环境场,得出在环境的垂直沙尘浓度梯度与温度梯度的参数域中,初始沙尘扰动越大越有利于沙尘沉降,初始温度扰动越大,越小利于沙尘沉降.同时给出4种不利于沙尘沉降的过程:(1)上升浓度变化过程;(2)下沉浓度变化过程;(3)上升温度变化过程;(4)下沉温度变化过程.根据这些过程分析参数对沙尘沉降的影响得到:温度扩散系数越大越有利沙尘沉降;沙尘浓度扩散系数越大不利十沙尘沉降;垂直温度湍流交换系数越大有利于缓降区甚至是非沉降区的上升;垂直沙尘浓度湍流交换系数越大越有利于沙尘沉降.  相似文献   

Normal faulting vs regional subsidence and sedimentation rate     

C. Doglioni  N. Dagostino  G. Mariotti 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》1998,15(8):3167

Normal faults occur in a variety of geodynamic environments, both in areas of subsidence and uplift. Normal faults may have slip rates faster or slower than regional subsidence or uplift rates. The total subsidence may be defined as the sum of the hangingwall subsidence generated by the normal fault and the regional subsidence or uplift rate. Positive total subsidence obviously increases the accommodation space (e.g., passive margins and back-arc basins), in contrast with negative total subsidence (e.g., orogens). Where the hangingwall subsidence rate is faster than the sedimentation rate in cases of both positive and negative total subsidence, the facies and thickness of the syntectonic stratigraphic package may vary from the hangingwall to the footwall. A hangingwall subsidence rate slower than sedimentation rate only results in a larger thickness of the strata growing in the hangingwall, with no facies changes and no morphological step at the surface. The isostatic footwall uplift is also proportional to the amount and density of the sediments filling the half-graben and therefore it should be more significant when the hangingwall subsidence rate is higher than sedimentation rate.  相似文献   

应用古文化层埋深确定汾渭盆地沉积速率的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

杜兴信 《地震工程学报》1999,21(1):88-93

根据４９处仰绍至东周古化遗址深数据 距今７０００－２５００年汾渭盆地内部的沉积人部的凸起地区沉一般小于凹陷地区,如渭河凹平均沉积速率为０．４６ｍｍ／ａ临当凹陷的平均沉积速率为０．３６ｍｍ／ａ,而潼凸起和襄汾凸起的沉积速率为０．２０ｍｍ／ａ左右,分析各时代的沉积速率还发现,在仰绍之前渭河盆地内凹陷的沉积速率明显小于 仰绍之后,宝鸡凸起还由东周之前的相对下降变为相对上升,沉速度相对较大的地质单元往往  相似文献   

吉林向海沼泽湿地典型剖面沉积及年代序列重建   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

王国平  刘景双  汤洁  夏威岚 《湖泊科学》2003,15(3):221-228

沼泽湿地发育过程中堆积的各类沉积物真实地记录下区域环境演变与沼泽湿地发育过程。本文以无尾河下游漫流区——向海沼泽湿地为研究对象,对其典型沉积剖面结构、沉积物容重、年龄指标、沉积速率等多项沉积记录进行了综合剖析。结果表明：沼泽沉积物的层序关系可以揭示沼泽的形成途径及环境变化;溪边沼泽接受更多的矿质沉积物;1880-1885年该区域出现河道变迁的痕迹;向海沼泽湿地沉积速率与典型的河口三角洲类似,体现了河口尾端湿地的特点;近50年来,向海沼泽湿地沉积速率急剧上升,其原因可能与解放后该流域人类活动增强、植被破坏、水土流失严重有关,在时间上,与流域上游大型露天煤矿开采时段有较好的耦合性。  相似文献   

Bed-load transport rate based on the entrainment probabilities of sediment grains by rolling and lifting     

Jun-De Li  Jian Sun  Binliang Lin 《国际泥沙研究》2018,33(2):126-136

A function for the bed-load sediment transport rate is derived. This function is obtained by using the entrainment probabilities of the rolling and lifted sediment grains, and by introducing two travel lengths, respectively. The predictions from the new bed-load function agree well with experimental results over the entire experimental range and show significant improvement over the commonly used formula for the bed-load transport rate. The new function shows that, in terms of contributing to the bed-load transport rate, the total entrainment probability of the sediment grains is a weighted summation of those for the lifted and rolling grains, rather than a simple addition of the two. The function is also used to predict the total entrainment probability, saltation length, and the bed layer thickness at a high bed-load transport rate. These predictions all agree well with the experimental results. It is found that, on average, the travel length for the rolling sand grains is about an order of magnitude less than that of the lifted grains.  相似文献   

海洋浮游微食物网生物在海洋颗粒形成和沉降中的作用     

赵苑  赵丽  董逸  李海波  张武昌  肖天 《海洋科学集刊》2017,(52):22-34

海洋中存在着大量的颗粒,包括大型聚合颗粒（即海雪,粒径>500μm）、小型聚合颗粒（1~500μm）和亚微米颗粒粒径（<1μm）等。颗粒在海水中营造了不同于纯海水的小生境,其中生活着与自然海水中不同的生物。异养细菌、蓝细菌、真核藻类、鞭毛虫、纤毛虫等微食物网生物可以黏附在海洋颗粒上,或生活在颗粒内部,其丰度高于周围水体中的自由生活生物,这可能是由于颗粒提供了更适宜生长的营养环境。本文综述了海洋浮游微食物网生物在海洋颗粒形成和沉降中的作用。微食物网生物在颗粒物的形成过程中起到很重要的作用,它们可以直接促进颗粒形成,也可以彼此结合成颗粒,或微型浮游动物排粪形成颗粒。微食物网生物还可以对颗粒进行转化,影响颗粒的大小、沉降速度、或对颗粒及其黏附生物进行摄食。微食物网生物由于本身较小,沉降较慢,但这些生物和颗粒的结合使得微食物网生物在碳通量中发挥重要的作用。  相似文献   

Sediment settling in the Latian Dam in Iran     

Farhang BEHRANGI  Mohammad Ali BANIHASHEMI  Shayesteh MAHANI  Mohammad Reza RAHMANIAN 《国际泥沙研究》2014,29(2):208-217

Among the difficulties that influence future dam operations,reservoir sedimentation is the most problematic for engineers.This study predicted the amount and pattern of sedimentation for use in estimation of the useful lifespan of reservoirs and identification of optimal locations for outlets and intakes at the initial stages of dam design.Hydrographic surveys of different dams can provide better insight into this phenomenon.Latian Dam in Iran has conducted hydrographic surveys during 7 time periods.The amount and process of sedimentation in this reservoir were determined,and predictions of distribution of sediments were validated by well-known,common methods.The formation of a delta in the reservoir was investigated for different time periods after operation.Future problems due to the impacts of sedimentation on dam operation and the useful lifespan of the reservoir were predicted.In addition,the study results may be used for developing empirical methods to predict sedimentation patterns in other reservoirs.  相似文献   

Analysis of water stable isotopes fingerprinting to inform conservation management: Lake Urema Wetland System,Mozambique     

《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2014

The present study focusses on the analysis of water stable isotopes to contribute to understanding the hydrology of the Lake Urema wetland system in central Mozambique towards conservation management.Lake Urema Wetland is located in the Gorongosa National Park at the southernmost extent of the East African Rift System and is situated entirely within the Urema catchment. Of particular concern to the park’s management is the understanding of hydrological processes as these may trigger transformations of ecosystems, habitat losses and wildlife migrations. Concerns over the Lake Urema wetland’s drying up and the trapping of sediments in the floodplain have been raised for some time by conservationists.Water samples were collected for stable water isotope analyses during the wet and the dry seasons for the period 2006–2010 from springs, boreholes, rivers, and Lake Urema. In addition monthly composite precipitation was collected at two rain gauges.The results show that Lake Urema is maintained throughout the dry season merely from water generated during the wet season. It receives water from wet season precipitation and the runoff generated from this precipitation. The water source areas of the lake are the Gorongosa Mountain and the Barue Basement geomorphological units. Consequently, the source of the sediments which have been trapped into the lake and the floodplain has to be identified in these two catchment areas and urgent action is required to rescue the lake. This water body constitutes a groundwater buffer system which supports a unique wetland landscape. The annual inundations’ processes leading to the recharge-drainage cycle in the floodplain are most sensitive to the deposition of sediments, changing hydraulic gradients, and reducing wet season inflows and increasing drainage rates.  相似文献   

Application of a Biological Tool for Estimating Current Annual Rates of Erosion and Deposition in Modern Coastal Environments: A Case Study in the Bay of Bengal Coast     

Chirananda De 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(3):209-220

The marine polychaete Diopatra cuprea (Bosc) produces tubes that protrude above the sediment surface. To the part above the sediment surface the worm attaches foreign particles. A sharp boundary separates the parts above and below the sediment surface. With subsequent erosion, part of the tube without attached particles becomes exposed and this exposed part indicates the amount of erosion. With subsequent sedimentation, the tubes are enlarged upward and the sharp boundary is found below the sediment surface indicating the amount of subsequent sedimentation. This mode of construction of tubes during an average life span of two years renders tubes as simple but excellent natural tools for precise and easy measurement of the latest annual rates of erosion and deposition in coastal areas, data that are essential for the solving of coastal engineering and geoenvironmental problems. Comparison of this tool with expensive long-term coastal profiling data in four areas in the Bay of Bengal coast indicates its correctness and high applicational value. This revised model can be applied to modern coastal environments only for calculating latest annual rates of both erosion and deposition as correctly as latest physical techniques. Being based on the similar organosedimentary principle, it distinctively contrasts with the earlier model of Myers which provides information on the amount of sediment accumulation only without any time connotation and, it may generate erroneous results if applied to the geologic past unless some limitations evolved in the processes of dewatering, compaction, lithification and diagenesis are removed.  相似文献   

Spatial dynamics of overbank sedimentation in floodplain systems     

Aaron R. Pierce  Sammy L. King 《Geomorphology》2008,100(3-4):256-268

Floodplains provide valuable social and ecological functions, and understanding the rates and patterns of overbank sedimentation is critical for river basin management and rehabilitation. Channelization of alluvial systems throughout the world has altered hydrological and sedimentation processes within floodplain ecosystems. In the loess belt region of the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley of the United States, channelization, the geology of the region, and past land-use practices have resulted in the formation of dozens of valley plugs in stream channels and the formation of shoals at the confluence of stream systems. Valley plugs completely block stream channels with sediment and debris and can result in greater deposition rates on floodplain surfaces. Presently, however, information is lacking on the rates and variability of overbank sedimentation associated with valley plugs and shoals.We quantified deposition rates and textures in floodplains along channelized streams that contained valley plugs and shoals, in addition to floodplains occurring along an unchannelized stream, to improve our understanding of overbank sedimentation associated with channelized streams. Feldspar clay marker horizons and marker poles were used to measure floodplain deposition from 2002 to 2005 and data were analyzed with geospatial statistics to determine the spatial dynamics of sedimentation within the floodplains.Mean sediment deposition rates ranged from 0.09 to 0.67 cm/y at unchannelized sites, 0.16 to 2.27 cm/y at shoal sites, and 3.44 to 6.20 cm/y at valley plug sites. Valley plug sites had greater rates of deposition, and the deposited sediments contained more coarse sand material than either shoal or unchannelized sites. A total of 59 of 183 valley plug study plots had mean deposition rates > 5 cm/y. The geospatial analyses showed that the spatial dynamics of sedimentation can be influenced by the formation of valley plugs and shoals on channelized streams; however, responses can vary. Restoration efforts in the region need to have basinwide collaboration with landowners and address catchment-scale processes, including the geomorphic instability of the region, to be successful.  相似文献