1992-2015年中亚五国土地覆盖与蒸散发变化   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

阮宏威  于静洁 《地理学报》2019,74(7):1292-1304

1991年苏联解体,中亚五国独立使得土地覆盖与蒸散发格局发生深刻变化。以中亚五国为研究区,采用欧空局气候变化项目（CCI）土地覆盖和全球陆地数据同化系统（GLDAS）蒸散发数据,分析1992-2015年土地覆盖与蒸散发时空变化特征,进一步研究耕地蒸散耗水特征。结果表明：① 中亚五国土地覆盖变化具有阶段性特征,耕地扩张引起土地覆盖格局变化。1992-2003年耕地快速增加（1.1万km ²/a）,林地和草地大幅减少。2003-2015年耕地增速趋缓（0.3万km ²/a）,林地和草地有一定恢复,裸地和水体持续减少,城镇用地持续增长。耕地共增加12.3万km ²,林地和草地分别减少4.0万km ²和2.3万km ²,且集中于哈萨克斯坦中北部。裸地减少3.5万km ²,集中于哈萨克斯坦西南部,水体减少3.1万km ²,集中在咸海湖泊。乌兹别克斯坦耕地减少、裸地增加,吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和土库曼斯坦土地覆盖变化幅度较小;② 中亚五国蒸散发变化与土地覆盖格局基本一致。蒸散发总体呈增加态势（6 mm/a）,1992-2003年快速增加（11.3 mm/a）,2003-2015年缓慢上升（2.4 mm/a）。中亚五国年蒸散发达到276.8 mm,东南部的吉尔吉斯斯坦（347.3 mm）和塔吉克斯坦（302.9 mm）最高,中北部的哈萨克斯坦（297.9 mm）次之,西南部的乌兹别克斯坦（211.0 mm）和土库曼斯坦（150.0 mm）最低;③ 中亚五国蒸散耗水结构受耕地面积大小的影响。中亚五国耕地蒸散耗水的贡献由24.7%增至27.9%,土库曼斯坦耕地蒸散耗水仅占本国的11%,其他国家均超过25%。草地、林地和裸地的蒸散耗水贡献降低,但哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦仍以草地和林地蒸散耗水为主（≥ 50%）,土库曼斯坦（61.3%）和乌兹别克斯坦（46.4%）的裸地蒸散耗水占绝对优势。本文明确了中亚五国土地覆盖连续动态变化过程,细化各国土地覆盖与蒸散发特征及差异,增强对土地覆盖与蒸散发现状的认识,可为水土资源管理和生态环境保护提供数据参考。  相似文献   

地域功能-结构的空间组织途径——对国土空间规划实施主体功能区战略的讨论   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

樊杰 《地理研究》2019,38(10):2373-2387

地域功能-结构的空间组织规律是人地系统耦合研究的基本理论问题,也是开展国土空间规划、塑造可持续地理格局的基础理论。从地理学对地理过程的重复、预测、调控、优化的讨论入手,阐释了空间治理体系是现代地理学用于调控和优化可持续地理过程与格局的重要途径。采用生态-生活-生产等三生空间构成的地域功能空间结构呈现的时空演变特征,表达了地域功能-结构的空间有序性法则,阐释了地域功能与自然地理环境相协调、同一地域单元各类功能及不同单元之间冲突最小化、地域功能在不同空间尺度有效传导、以及长时间尺度综合效益最大化等空间组织目标。从可持续性出发,建立自然要素的资源、环境、生态和灾害四大属性的概念,并通过四大属性集成构成自然承载力,分析承载力的原值、余量和潜力在空间规划中的作用,形成自下而上解析空间组织的基本方法。从新空间均衡出发,基于承载力、融入位置和空间结构参量后构成的地域功能适宜性,形成自上而下解析空间组织的基本方法。进而讨论了集成两种方法形成的主体功能区具备的对空间组织与规划的基础价值和战略价值,提出主体功能区的区划、战略、制度和规划用途分离及相互关联的新思路。以实施主体功能区战略为主线、以空间降尺度传导主体功能为核心科学问题、以关键约束参数为空间结构控制性指标,讨论了数据库与地域功能谱系、功能和尺度依赖的承载力评价方法与模型库、“三区三线”的建构框架,论证了空间规划实施主体功能区战略的途径,提出地理学应着力加强大、中空间尺度（区域性）国土空间规划基础理论和方法、强化技术等科技支撑体系建设的建议。  相似文献   

话语权结构对国土空间规划方案的影响机理与优化策略   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

孔维锋  陈东 《地理研究》2019,38(10):2552-2562

从话语权结构入手,分析规划制度因素对国土空间规划方案的影响机理,提出适应国土空间规划体系的优化话语权结构的策略建议。研究发现：① 由于利益主体短期内不会发生变化,真正影响国土空间规划的是不同利益主体的话语权结构。随着中国规划体制的改革,要形成有序的国土空间规划体系,最核心的是要在细分领域确定不同层级政府的话语权结构。② 不同层级规划的冲突主要表现在规模和空间两个方面,相对于国土空间上位规划的“三区三线”理想方案,六盘水市城市规划的建设类用地面积偏大27.9%,保护类用地面积偏小9.3%。冲突的原因是缺乏上级规划对下级规划的管控机制以及下级规划对上级规划的衔接机制。③ 通过分解传导以及集合传导机制,构建了细分领域的不同层级政府话语权结构体系,实现了不同层级国土空间规划的分级传导和分级管控。  相似文献   

基于耗散结构系统熵模型的乡村生产空间系统有序性研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王成  周明茗  李颢颖  何焱洲  马小苏 《地理研究》2019,38(3):619-631

通过分析乡村生产空间系统的耗散结构特征,建立系统熵模型,运用关联熵和运行熵,从系统的主体（多元主体）、客体（地）和环境三要素入手构建指标体系,讨论系统内部结构和运行状态的有序性,并以重庆市合川区龙市镇为研究区予以实证,研究表明：研究区乡村生产空间系统关联熵先增后减,系统内部结构有序性呈现阶段性特征,2008—2011年主要受城市化无序扩张和土地利用方式低效粗放等因素影响,系统内部结构趋于混乱无序,2011—2015年主要因财政支农力度增强、农业投入产出水平提高、生态修复力度加大等因素刺激,系统内部结构逐渐趋于有序化;2008—2015年,乡村生产空间系统运行熵逐年减小,在农业综合开发投入大幅增加引起的生产条件改善、产业结构调整与提档升级等驱动下,呈现出持续有序化的发展态势;围绕乡村生产空间系统的内部结构及运行状态的演化规律,从优化土地利用结构、构建现代农业产业体系、编制和完善相关规划、培育新产业新业态入手,提出相关策略,以促进乡村生产空间系统有序健康发展。  相似文献   

1985年以来中国大陆沿海集装箱港口体系位序-规模分布及其网络联系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郭建科  何瑶  王绍博  吴陆陆 《地理研究》2019,38(4):869-883

21世纪以来,中国大陆众多沿海城市纷纷转型为港口城市,港口区域化态势明显,港口发展呈现新的竞合关系。运用位序-规模法则与复杂网络模型,从规模结构、航运网络两方面刻画1985年以来中国大陆沿海集装箱港口体系的区域化特征。结果表明：① 港口体系日趋完善,位序-规模分布更加明显;发展演化呈低级均衡,明显集中化及相对分散化三个阶段,围绕世界级枢纽港形成区域集聚和群内扩散的空间格局。② 港口航运网络小世界特征得到强化,不同类型港口航线网络特性变化差异明显。枢纽港以广度上升深度下降、中转功能上升为主;大型港口变化较为复杂,超过一半的大型港口腹地引致特征明显,中转功能较弱;地方港呈现两极分化态势,大部分港口在航线网络深度、广度与辐射能力等多方面得到提升,少部分港口则明显萎缩。③ 以班轮航线为载体的物流网络推动港口区域化内在联系更加紧密,轴-辐特征得到强化,整个网络效率大为提升。从社会网络分析软件（UCINET）呈现的最强联系航线看,沿海集装箱航运网络已由局部网络转变为统一的双层轴-辐网络,全国性的港口网络联系水平大幅提升,区域航运网络与港口群存在空间错位而非一一对应。  相似文献   

Spatial patch structure and adaptive strategy for desert shrub of Reaumuria soongorica in arid ecosystem of the Heihe River Basin     

Li  Wei  Li  Xiaoyan  Huang  Yongmei  Wang  Pei  Zhang  Cicheng 《地理学报(英文版)》2019,29(9):1507-1526

In many arid ecosystems, vegetation frequently occurs in high-cover patches interspersed in a matrix of low plant cover. However, theoretical explanations for shrub patch pattern dynamics along climate gradients remain unclear on a large scale. This context aimed to assess the variance of the Reaumuria soongorica patch structure along the precipitation gradient and the factors that affect patch structure formation in the middle and lower Heihe River Basin (HRB). Field investigations on vegetation patterns and heterogeneity in soil properties were conducted during 2014 and 2015. The results showed that patch height, size and plant-to-patch distance were smaller in high precipitation habitats than in low precipitation sites. Climate, soil and vegetation explained 82.5% of the variance in patch structure. Spatially, R. soongorica shifted from a clumped to a random pattern on the landscape towards the MAP gradient, and heterogeneity in the surface soil properties (the ratio of biological soil crust (BSC) to bare gravels (BG)) determined the R. soongorica population distribution pattern in the middle and lower HRB. A conceptual model, which integrated water availability and plant facilitation and competition effects, was revealed that R. soongorica changed from a flexible water use strategy in high precipitation regions to a consistent water use strategy in low precipitation areas. Our study provides a comprehensive quantification of the variance in shrub patch structure along a precipitation gradient and may improve our understanding of vegetation pattern dynamics in the Gobi Desert under future climate change.

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URANS investigation of the interaction between the free surface and a shallowly submerged underwater vehicle at steady drift     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

An axisymmetric underwater vehicle (UV) at a steady drift angle experiences the complex three-dimensional crossflow separation. This separation arises from the unfavorable circumferential pressure gradient developed from the windward side toward the leeward side. As is well known, the separated flow in the leeward side gives rise to the formation of a pair of vortices, which affects considerably the forces and moments acting on the UV. In this regard, the main purpose of the present study is to evaluate the role of the leeward vortical flow structure in the hydrodynamic behavior of a shallowly submerged UV at a moderate drift angle traveling beneath the free surface. Accordingly, the static drift tests are performed on the SUBOFF UV model using URANS equations coupled with a Reynolds stress turbulence model. The simulations are carried out in the commercial code STARCCM+ at a constant advance velocity based on Froude number equal to F_n = 0.512 over submergence depths and drift angles ranging from h = 1.1D to h = ∞ and from β = 0 to β = 18.11°, respectively. The validation of the numerical model is partially conducted by using the existing experimental data of the forces and moment acting on the totally submerged bare hull model. Significant interaction between the low-pressure region created by the leeward vortical flow structure and the free surface is observed. As a result of this interaction, the leeward vortical flow structure appears to be largely responsible for the behavior of the forces and moments exerted on a shallowly submerged UV at steady drift.  相似文献   

Extracting energy while reducing hydroelastic responses of VLFS using a modular raft wec-type attachment     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

This paper presents the use of a modular raft Wave Energy Converter (WEC)-type attachment at the fore edge of a rectangular Very Large Floating Structure (VLFS) for extracting wave energy while reducing hydroelastic responses of the VLFS under wave action. The proposed modular attachment comprises multiple independent auxiliary pontoons (i.e. modules) that are connected to the fore edge of the VLFS with hinges and linear Power Take-Off (PTO) systems. For the hydroelastic analysis, the auxiliary pontoons and the VLFS are modelled by using the Mindlin plate theory while the linear wave theory is used for modelling the fluid motion. The analysis is performed in the frequency domain using the hybrid Finite Element-Boundary Element (FE-BE) method. Parametric studies are carried out to investigate the effects of pontoon length, PTO damping coefficient, gap between auxiliary pontoons, and incident wave angle on the power capture factor as well as reductions in the hydroelastic responses of the VLFS with the modular attachment. It is found that in oblique waves, the modular attachment comprising multiple narrow pontoons outperforms the corresponding rigid attachment that consists of a single wide pontoon with respect to the power capture factor and the reduction in the deflection of the VLFS. In addition, it is possible to have a considerable gap between pontoons without significantly compromising the effectiveness of the modular attachment.  相似文献   

Analytical convolution model for shipping water evolution on a fixed structure     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

The shipping of water is a problem that affects naval and offshore structures. Estimating its propagation on the decks of these structures by using analytical methods has been a main concern of projects. However, classical approaches disregard the decay tendency of water elevation time series and tend to overestimate the resultant water on deck. This paper is concerned with estimating the evolution of water along the deck of a fixed structure due to shipping water events. An analytical convolution model is proposed to estimate water elevations. The model considers the freeboard exceedance time series and the mean shipping flow velocity as inputs and the frictional effects of the bottom by resistance coefficients, which enables an approximated representation of the water elevation time series over the deck. It was validated with experiments of isolated shipping water events that were generated with the wet dam-break approach. The results obtained with the proposed model captured the experimental results, approximating the peak values and the decay trend of time series. Improvement of the proposed approach over classical models to represent shipping water elevations was demonstrated by comparing the results obtained with those of the dam-break model of Stoker.  相似文献   

Hydrodynamic performance of a T-shaped floating breakwater     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

The comprehensive utilization of floating breakwaters, specially acting as a supporting structure for offshore marine renewable energy explorations, has received more and more attention recently. Based on linear water-wave theory, the hydrodynamic performance of a T-shaped floating breakwater is semi-analytically investigated through the matched eigenfunction expansion method (MEEM). Auxiliary functions, to speed up the convergence and improve the accuracy in the numerical computations, are introduced to represent the singular behavior of fluid field near the lower salient corners of the structure. The effects of the height and installation position of the vertical screen on the reflection and transmission coefficients, dynamic response and wave forces are examined. It is found that the presence of the screen shifts the resonance frequency of RAO for both surge and pitch modes to the low-frequency area, while has no effect on heave mode. The identical added masses, damping and transmission coefficients can be obtained in the cases where the screen holds the same distance away from the longitudinal central axis of the upper box-type structure. Moreover, a relatively small pitch response can be achieved in a wide wave–frequency range, when the breakwater is Γ-shaped.  相似文献