可持续发展评估指标、方法及应用研究   总被引：31，自引：1，他引：31  

张志强  程国栋  徐中民 《冰川冻土》2002,24(4):344-360

可持续发展评估指标及方法研究是可持续发展定量评估研究的基础,是实施可持续发展管理的依据,是生态经济学与可持续发展研究的前沿领域和热点问题之一. 在概括介绍可持续发展评估的工具--指标/指数的概念和功能、国际上代表性可持续发展研究机构指标选取的原则的基础上,全面分析归纳了可持续发展指标(体系)的类型及其框架模式. 详细介绍了联合国可持续发展委员会(UNCSD)、经济合作与发展组织(OECD)、世界保护同盟(IUCN)、世界银行等国际上代表性机构的可持续发展系统性指标体系的最新研究进展,并分析了这些系统性指标体系的优缺点. 深入分析了国际上典型的社会发展类、经济发展类、生态环境类可持续发展指标(指数)的研究、开发与实际评估应用的情况. 最后,总结了当前可持续发展指标(体系)研究的特点与趋势.  相似文献   

Timanian orogenic deformation along the northeastern margin of Baltica, Northwest Russia and Northeast Norway, and Avalonian–Cadomian connections     

D. Roberts  A. Siedlecka 《Tectonophysics》2002,352(1-2)

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Isothermal annealing of partially metamict zircon: evidence for a three-stage recovery process     

T. Geisler 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2002,29(6):420-429

 Raman spectroscopy and the powder diffraction technique have been used to monitor the recovery process of two partially metamict zircons (2.6 and 4.8 × 10¹⁸ α-decays g⁻¹) from Sri Lanka during a series of isothermal annealing experiments in the temperature range from 870 to 1622 K. These experiments show for the first time that structural recovery in partially metamict zircon proceeds via three distinct recovery stages, each of which occurs within a distinct time-temperature regime. Whereas the first two stages have previously been recognized (recovery of damaged crystalline remnants and epitaxial recrystallization), the third stage has not yet been identified as a single activated process. It is suggested that anisotropic defect annealing during the first stage at low temperatures, where the structure recovers preferentially along the a(b) plane, produces a geometrical situation where large structural rearrangements are necessary to remove the remaining defects inside the crystalline material. This situation is approximately reached when the amorphous domains start to recrystallize. The reason for anisotropic annealing can be found in a different connectivity between polyhedral linkages in both directions of the zircon lattice. High apparent activation energies, in the range of 6.4 to 7.9 eV, were determined for the third recovery stage from the Raman data, which are interpreted to reflect large structural rearrangements (i.e. polyhedral tilting) associated with the final recovery of the c axis. This explains the occurrence of a distinct recrystallization stage without defect annealing. Finally, it should be mentioned that the first recovery stage is not necessarily expected to occur in less damaged zircon crystals (<∼2 × 10¹⁸ α-decays g⁻¹), since less stable defects along the basal plane might have already been self-annealed during radiation damage accumulation under ambient temperatures. Received: 6 September 2001 / Accepted: 25 February 2002  相似文献   

Drought in Bulgaria and atmospheric synoptic conditions over Europe   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Liem Tran  C. Gregory Knight  Victoria Wesner 《GeoJournal》2002,57(3):149-157

Drought in Bulgaria is analyzed from the multiple viewpoints of statistical occurrence, spatial patterns, and synoptic conditions. A new index of drought, the SD (spatial-dryness) index, characterizes drought by both intensity and spatial extent. The occurrence of the SD index is analyzed using global gridded data sets. Examination of transitional probabilities of multiple months and years with drought occurrence suggests persistence is sufficiently frequent to be important for climate-related environmental planning. Finally, it is shown that specific seasonal synoptic patterns are associated with wet and dry conditions in Bulgaria. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Hydration and refractive indices of Holocene tephra glass in Hokkaido, Northern Japan     

Yugo Nakamura  Yoshinori Katayama  Kazuomi Hirakawa 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2002,114(3-4)

Refractive indices of incompletely hydrated tephra glasses vary widely. Thus, glass refractive index is not a practical indicator for identifying Holocene tephras. Hydration near the surface of tephra glass shards can be removed by either hydrofluoric acid treatment or annealing for 12 h at 400°C. The annealing procedure is a particularly reliable and simple way to dehydrate tephra glasses. Standard deviations (s) of refractive indices for glasses after 12 h annealing are small (s=0.0014–0.0018), in contrast with untreated glasses (s=0.0034–0.0405). The refractive indices of dehydrated tephra glasses are 0.006–0.014 lower than those of the untreated (hydrated) glasses. Using the 400°C 12-h annealing procedure, values for the refractive indices of eight Holocene tephras in Hokkaido were obtained. These refractive indices are useful indicators for identification and correlation of Holocene tephras.  相似文献   

城市震害高危害小区的研究和GIS的实现技术   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3  

帅向华  成小平  袁一凡 《地震》2002,22(3):113-119

论述了在城市地震灾害中如何考虑诸方面因素来评价城市的灾害轻重分布情况。中建立坑危害小区分析模型，设想将城市划分等面积网格，给每个单元网格赋予灾害指数，以确定城市中受灾较为严重的区域，为求灾指挥提供决策信息。同时，将高危害小区的模型研究结果转化为计算机技术可以实现的GIS模型。该研究结果已应用于泰安市防震减灾示范研究项目中。  相似文献   

青藏高原大气—植被相互作用的模拟试验Ⅱ.植被叶面积指数和净初级生产力   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8       下载免费PDF全文

吕建华  季劲钧 《大气科学》2002,26(2):255-262

利用大气－植被相互作用模式AVIM对青藏高原上30个站点进行模拟计算，给出了青藏高原上植被叶面积指数和净初级生产力的分布特征。模拟结果表明，高原上叶面积指数、净初级生产力由东南向西北减少，模拟和观测的分布相一致。分析指出，青藏高原净初级生产力的分布决定于水热条件的共同作用，降水充沛、温度适宜的青藏高原东南部净初级生产力较高，而青藏高原西北部由于降水过少或温度过低，初级生产力很低。  相似文献   

干旱区地下水脆弱性特征及评价方法探讨   总被引：29，自引：18，他引：29  

马金珠  高前兆 《干旱区地理》2003,26(1):44-49

干旱区地下水脆弱性是地下水系统本身固有的不稳定属性，是系统结构、功能状态在人类活动干扰及气候变化等自然因素作用下具有的敏感性、易变性和弹性的综合反映。可以以河川径流中冰雪融水比重、地表径流入渗占地下水补给比例、地下水补给强度、地表水的引用率等十项指标（IRRUDQELTS）进行定量评价。通过对塔里木盆地南缘地下水脆弱性评价，表明该区属地下水严重脆弱区，其中又以民丰县、皮山县为极端脆弱，结果与实际情况相符合，说明该评价指标体系具有一定的科学性。  相似文献   

贵州省低纬山地气候变化趋势   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

吉廷艳 《山地学报》2003,21(4):422-427

对贵州气温、降水、灾害指数等要素的气候变化分析表明:20世纪40年代前后贵州处于一个相对温暖时期(这一时期也是北半球大陆气温自1930～1960年代初的明显暖期中),1960～1970年代是一个相对较冷时段,但趋势变化曲线反应出贵州气温呈下降趋势(与全球气候变暖趋势相反),主要表现在春季和夏季变冷明显,秋季和冬季略有变暖;贵州降水趋于减少,主要反应为春季减少较为明显,夏、秋季变化不大,冬季呈增加趋势;各种灾害指数的趋势变化中,春季的倒春寒、夏季的洪涝趋于偏重,秋季的绵雨、冬季的低温和凝冻趋于偏轻,而春旱、夏旱和秋风变化不明显,但春旱存在明显的周期性变化特征;旱涝指数的小波分析指出贵州旱涝有两个比较明显的全域性周期变化,分别是32a和10a周期。  相似文献   

软弱结构面粒度成分与抗剪强度参数的关系探讨   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7  

唐良琴  聂德新  任光明 《工程地质学报》2003,11(2):143-147

软弱结构面一直是水电工程建设中的一个重要工程地质问题, 选取合理的力学参数对大坝建基面的选取及未来坝基抗滑稳定性具有重大意义。本文在大量试验资料基础上, 研究了沉积岩地区某重力坝电站坝址区软弱夹层粒度成分和抗剪强度参数之间的相关关系, 建立了不同稠度状态下的相关方程。并结合《混凝土重力坝设计规范》中提出的用粒度成分定量指标选取软弱结构面抗剪强度参数, 对软弱结构面抗剪强度参数取值问题进行了探讨。  相似文献