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61.
Laboratory Studies Of Wind Stress Over Surface Waves 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Simultaneous laboratory observations of wind speed, wind stress, and surfacewind-wave spectra are made under a variety of wind forcing patterns using cleanwater as well as water containing an artificial surfactant. Under typical experimentalconditions, more than half of the total stress is supported by the wave-induced stressrather than by the surface viscous stress. When the surfactant reduces the shortwind-wave spectra, the wind stress also decreases by as much as 20–30% at agiven wind speed. When the wind forcing is modulated in time, the wind stresstends to be higher under decreasing wind than under increasing wind at a givenwind speed, mainly because the response of short wind-wave spectra to varyingwind forcing is delayed in time. These examples clearly demonstrate that therelationship between the wind speed and the wind stress can be significantlymodified if the surface wave field is not in equilibrium with the wind forcing.Next, we examine whether the wind stress is estimated accurately if the wave-inducedstress by all surface wave components is explicitly evaluated by linear superpositionand is added to the surface viscous stress. It is assumed that the surface viscous stressis uniquely related to the wind speed, and that the wind input rate is determined by thelocal, reduced turbulent stress rather than the total stress. Our wind stress estimatesincluding the wave contributions agree well with observed wind stress values, evenif the surface wave field is away from its equilibrium with the wind in the presenceof surface films and/or under time-transient wind forcing. These observations stronglysuggest that the wind stress is accurately evaluated as a sum of the wave-induced stressand the surface viscous stress. At very high winds, our stress estimates tend to be lowerthan the observations. We suspect that this is because of the enhancement of wind stressover very steep (or breaking) short wind-waves. 相似文献
62.
西藏甲马铜多金属矿床远景预测 总被引:4,自引:5,他引:4
近年研究表明,作为西藏境内少数几个大型矿床之一的甲马铜多金属矿床先后经历了燕山晚期海底喷流积积成矿作用和喜马拉雅期斑岩型成矿作用,相应形成矿区层状主矿休和斑岩型矿体。矿区地质特征、主成矿元素空间分布规律分析后认为:矿区东、西段各存在一个喷流中心,与之相关的层状矿体及深部脉状、网脉状矿体是今后找矿的重点靶区;喜马拉雅期斑岩成矿作用在区域及矿区内均有显示,具有不可忽视的成矿潜力。 相似文献
63.
How to obtain alert velocity thresholds for large rockslides 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A reliable forecast of the failure stage of large rockslides is difficult, because of non-linear time dependency of displacements and seasonal effects. Aim of this paper is to suggest a practical method to prepare alert thresholds for large rockslides, assessing critical values of velocity for carrying out civil protection actions using monitoring data. Adopted data concern the 20 Mm3 Ruinon rockslide (Valfurva, Central Alps, Italy), still evolving and suitable to originate a fast moving rock avalanche. Multitemporal analysis of aerial photos, LIDAR-ALTM laser topography, field survey and geomechanical analyses allowed to infer the rockslide kinematics and better understand data provided by a monitoring network including distometers, extensometers, GPS benchmarks and inclinometers. The analysis of displacement and rainfall data over five years (1997–2001) allowed to recognise three different evolutionary patterns of displacements, showing a continuously increasing rate since 1997. Data representing large-scale behaviour of the rock mass were fitted by power-law curves, according to the “accelerating creep” model by Voight, in order to evaluate a suitable failure time. This was hampered by the large seasonal deviations, which can significantly delay the occurrence of failure. Data were fitted using the Voight’s equation, expressed in terms of displacement, through non-linear estimation techniques, in order to find values of the controlling parameters (A, α and tf) suitable to represent the mechanical behaviour of the rock mass approaching the failure. This allowed to compute velocity–time theoretical curves and to define different velocity threshold values (pre-alert, alert and emergency) to be used for emergency management. 相似文献
64.
65.
基于引力模型的城市空间互相关和功率谱分析——引力模型的理论证明、函数推广及应用实例 总被引:53,自引:7,他引:53
空间相互作用是先于城市体系而存在的重要概念 ,引力模型是描述空间相互作用的基本函数之一 ,但引力模型的理论基础不明确而且实际应用有局限。本文首先从城市地理系统的广义分形假设出发 ,推导出引力模型的幂函数形式 ,使其从一个经验模型上升为理论模型 ;进而引入时变函数和时滞参数将引力模型推广为更为一般和更加实用的形式 ,为发展城市引力过程的空间互相关分析和功率谱分析方法奠定了理论基础。借助 194 9~ 1998年 5 0年的人口演化数据 ,以北京 -天津的空间相互作用为实例 ,对基于城市引力关系的空间作用进行了相关分析和波谱分析 ,从而提供了城市网络空间相互作用广义引力分析的典型范例。 相似文献
66.
67.
远东热点:朝鲜半岛形势分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
朝鲜半岛独特的地理位置,无论对周边的中,俄,日三国,还是对大洋彼岸的美国都具有十分重要的地缘战略意义。如果说这里是四大国利益相互交错的唯一地区,那么解决朝鲜半岛问题便不仅取决于半岛内部北,南双方的互动关系,而且取决于四大四的立场及东北亚政治地理格局的演变态势。近年来随着朝鲜北,南双方首脑的成功会晤,朝鲜半岛的和平统一进程迈出了实质性步伐。但由于朝鲜半岛问题牵涉面广,影响因素复杂,从而使半岛的和平统一进程出现了一波三折的复杂局面,本文从政治地理学角度对半岛形势进行了分析。供关心朝鲜半岛局势的同仁参考。 相似文献
68.
Wind velocity and sand transport on a barchan dune 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
G. Sauermann J. S. Andrade Jr. L. P. Maia U. M. S. Costa A. D. Araújo H. J. Herrmann 《Geomorphology》2003,54(3-4):245-255
We present measurements of wind velocity and sand flux performed on the windward side of a large barchan dune in Jericoacoara, northeastern Brazil. From the measured profile, we calculate the air shear stress using an analytical approximation and treat the problem of flow separation by an heuristic model. We find that the results from this approach agree well with our field data. Moreover, using the calculated shear velocity, we predict the sand flux according to well-known equilibrium relations and with a phenomenological continuum saltation model that includes saturation transients and thus allows for nonequilibrium conditions. Based on the field data and theoretical predicted results, we indicate the principal differences between saturated and nonsaturated sand flux models. Finally, we show that the measured dune moves with invariant shape and predict its velocity from our data and calculations. 相似文献
69.
70.
峨眉山玄武岩分布区内铂族元素异常分析及其找矿远景预测 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
区域地球化学填图成果表明,在中国西南川-滇-黔交界地区存在一个与产出规模巨大的峨眉山玄武岩分布范围相吻合的Pt,Pd地球化学巨省。作为地幔热柱成因的峨眉山玄武岩的铂族元素丰度虽略有偏高,但玄武岩中铂族元素很难形成可以利用的铂族矿物,故该异常是“非找矿异常”。在该区内寻找铂族元素矿床应在基性岩-超基性岩体出露较多的中岩区南段,注意沿循已知的矿床、矿化或较小型基性岩侵入体,将矿区(或岩体)的整体地质特征、地球化学特征等与典型的岩浆型铂族元素矿床相比较,进而研究、预测本矿区或本岩体的铂族元素成矿的可能性及远景规模等,寻找岩浆型铂族元素矿床,而在岩浆型矿床的周边地质体内注意寻找热液型铂族元素矿床。 相似文献