The effects of forest litter on snow energy budget in the Tianshan Mountains,China          下载免费PDF全文

Heng Lu  Ming‐Zhe Liu  Xi Han 《水文研究》2017,31(8):1602-1612

Forest litter exerts an impact on the energy budget of snow surfaces, which lie beneath forest canopies. In this study, we measured shortwave and longwave radiation levels, as well as quantities of Asian spruce (Picea schrenkinan ) forest litter, over 3 snow study plots that representing an open environment, 20% forest canopy openness (20% FCO), and 80% forest canopy openness (80% FCO). The fractional litter coverage (lc ) was obtained through the binarization of digital photographs of forest litter. The effects of forest litter on snow surface albedo (α ), snow surface temperature (T _s ), upward shortwave and longwave radiation (K _↑ and L _↑), and sensible heat flux (H ) were then analyzed. According to our results, the energy budget over snow surface influenced by forest litter principally due to forest litter forcing α decrease and T _s increase. The effects of forest litter on the energy budget increased with time and lc . We found that forest litter exerted the most significant impact on K _↑ and L _↑ at daytime during the latter stages of the snowmelt period. The influence of forest litter on H was more apparent on windy days. The presence of forest litter increased gains in shortwave radiation and losses in longwave radiation and decreased gains in H . Compared to the simulated energy (K _↑ + L _↑ + H ) over a snow surface without litter, the calculated energy decreased by ?13.4 W/m² and increased by 9.0 W/m², respectively, at the 20% FCO and 80% FCO sites during the latter stages of the snowmelt period. Overall, forest litter facilitated snow surface energy gains at the 80% FCO site and impeded them at the 20% FCO site during the latter stages of the snowmelt period.  相似文献   

CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIATION IN SURFACE ALBEDO AND SNOW FORCING OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU     

钟强 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1998,(2)

The combination of field experiments and satellite observations is the fundamental way tounderstand the characteristics of spatial-temporal variation in surface albedo over the Tibetan(Qinghai-Xizang) Plateau. Under the condition without snow cover, the relatively regular annualvariation cycle of the surface albedo can be expressed by an empirical formula. The effect of snowcover on the surface albedo in winter can be expressed by introducing two variables of snow forcingand sensitivity parameter. The existing satellite retrieved results of surface albedo may provide thedigital grid data for describing the geographical distribution. However, some satellite retrievedsurface albedos available over the Tibetan Plateau are obviously too low in winter. Taking thesatellite derived results in summer as the background field representative of geographicaldistribution and combining the empirical formula of annual cycle based on the surface observations,a dynamic model of surface albedo is developed for the need of modeling the climatic influence ofthe underlying surface forcing of the Tibetan Plateau.  相似文献   

2018年北极太平洋区域夏季海冰物理及光学性质的研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

曹晓卫  卢鹏  雷瑞波  王庆凯  李志军 《海洋学报(英文版)》2020,39(9):25-37

The reduction in Arctic sea ice in summer has been reported to have a significant impact on the global climate. In this study, Arctic sea ice/snow at the end of the melting season in 2018 was investigated during CHINARE-2018, in terms of its temperature, salinity, density and textural structure, the snow density, water content and albedo, as well as morphology and albedo of the refreezing melt pond. The interior melting of sea ice caused a strong stratification of temperature, salinity and density. The temperature of sea ice ranged from –0.8℃ to 0℃, and exhibited linear cooling with depth. The average salinity and density of sea ice were approximately 1.3 psu and 825 kg/m~3, respectively, and increased slightly with depth. The first-year sea ice was dominated by columnar grained ice. Snow cover over all the investigated floes was in the melt phase, and the average water content and density were 0.74% and 241 kg/m~3, respectively. The thickness of the thin ice lid ranged from 2.2 cm to 7.0 cm, and the depth of the pond ranged from 1.8 cm to 26.8 cm. The integrated albedo of the refreezing melt pond was in the range of 0.28–0.57. Because of the thin ice lid, the albedo of the melt pond improved to twice as high as that of the mature melt pond. These results provide a reference for the current state of Arctic sea ice and the mechanism of its reduction.  相似文献   

机载WIDAS地表观测的BRDF原型反演算法验证   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

何丹丹  焦子锑  董亚冬  张小宁  张虎  丁安心 《遥感学报》2019,23(4):620-629

地表反照率表征地面对太阳辐射的反射能力,在地表能量平衡中起着重要的作用。2008年黑河的WATER实验中,针对机载红外广角双模式成像仪(WIDAS)观测角度小的特点,发展了一种基于MODIS二向性反射分布函数(BRDF)原型估算WIDAS反照率的算法。然而,在2012年黑河HiWATER实验中,WIDAS的观测角度范围由早期30°观测天顶角升级为最大观测天顶角52°,这一改造对数据预处理(辐射定标、大气校正和多角度配准)产生影响,使WIDAS数据出现明显的噪声,为WIDAS地表反照率的反演带来新挑战。针对新问题,采用新的地表观测数据,进一步验证了BRDF原型算法反演机载WIDAS反照率的能力。为了获取准实时BRDF先验知识,基于核驱动模型和各向异性平整指数(AFX)首先准实时提取了实验区5种MODIS的BRDF原型;然后,将其作为先验知识应用到黑河WIDAS机载数据的反照率反演中;最后,利用实验区的反照率实测数据进行算法验证。本研究比较了3个算法处理该问题的能力:(1)基于BRDF原型作为先验知识的算法;(2)完全基于核驱动的全反演算法;(3)基于朗伯假设的方法,通过算法对比分析,可更好地分析验证算法(1)的性能。结果表明:(1)BRDF原型算法反演精度最高且稳定,尤其是当观测数据位于垂直主平面时,全反演算法由于缺少大角度观测数据的约束,更容易出现异常值;BRDF原型算法的最大绝对误差为0.034,相对于全反演算法和朗伯假设方法精度分别提高了约18%和71%;(2)针对2012年黑河机载WIDAS观测噪声较大的新问题,BRDF原型反演算法表现出了良好的抗噪声性能。通过对WIDAS反照率反演和验证进一步表明,在多角度观测数据信息量不足以进行全反演,且观测受噪声影响较大时,BRDF原型作为先验知识,提供了一种有效解决该问题的手段,对提高反照率反演的精度、增强反演的稳定性有重要作用。  相似文献   

业务化MODIS BRDF模型对冰雪BRDF/反照率的反演能力评估     

丁安心  焦子锑  董亚冬  张小宁  何丹丹  崔磊  尹思阳  常雅轩 《遥感学报》2019,23(6):1147-1158

全球MODIS冰雪反照率产品在定量遥感中有着广泛应用,但由于该产品的业务化算法是建立在表征植被—土壤系统基础上的罗斯表层(RT)李氏稀疏互易核(LSR)的二向性反射分布函数(BRDF)模型(简称为RTLSR),因此该模型对冰雪的二向性反射及反照率的反演能力有待评估。本文基于地球反射极化和方向测量仪(POLDER)的多角度冰雪反射率数据,综合评估了RTLSR模型在表征冰雪二向反射及反演反照率等方面的能力。为量化评估结果,本研究基于渐进辐射传输(ART)模型,从POLDER冰雪数据中筛选出高质量数据,使用ART模型拟合的高质量结果作为参考,比较结果表明:(1)在表征冰雪方向性散射方面,RTLSR模型整体拟合精度较低。在1020 nm波段,其均方根误差(RMSE)最大可达到0.0498,相较于ART模型的拟合结果偏高了约53.70%;(2)在反演冰雪反照率方面,RTLSR模型与ART模型反演结果也存在差别,其决定系数为0.529,均方根误差为0.0333,偏差为-0.0274,基于RTLSR模型的反演结果低估了ART模型的反演结果。为了使核驱动模型能更准确地表征冰雪BRDF特征和反演反照率,该模型需要针对冰雪散射特点进行进一步的发展。  相似文献   

3种反演算法的地表反照率遥感产品对比分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

齐文栋  刘强  洪友堂 《遥感学报》2014,18(3):559-572

地表反照率对于地表能量平衡和全球气候变化具有重要的影响。近年来,地表反照率产品已经取得了较为广泛的应用,但是仍存在时间分辨率低和数据缺失等问题。本文基于均匀站点观测数据与MODIS的MCD43B3产品验证了GLASS(Global LAnd Surface Satellite)地表反照率产品的3种算法及其对应的反照率产品:AB1(ABD01)、AB2(ABD03)和STF(ABD06)。并分析比较了GLASS反照率初级产品到最终产品的质量提升。结果表明:最终产品ABD06与地面观测数据符合最好,RMSE为0.050,R2为0.788;同时,ABD06与MCD43B3反照率产品一致性最好,RMSE优于0.03,R2达到0.9,且ABD06有效数据最多(ABD01为4290,ABD03为3296,ABD06为5507),比较适合生产长时间序列的反照率产品。大量数据的统计结果还表明:3种GLASS产品80%以上的数据与地面观测数据的偏差均能满足气候模式对反照率的精度要求(0.02—0.05)。  相似文献   

TITAN’S GROUND REFLECTANCE RETRIEVAL FROM CASSINI-VIMS DATA TAKEN DURING THE JULY 2ND, 2004 FLY-BY AT 2 AM UT     

A. Adriani  M. L. Moriconi  G. L. Liberti  A. Gardini  R. Orosei  E. D’Aversa  G. Filacchione  A. Coradini 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2005,96(3-4):109-117

An attempt to evaluate the preliminary values of the Titan's surface albedo at 2 μm from the first Cassini-VIMS observations of the moon is presented. The methodology is based on the application of radiative transfer calculations and a microphysical model of the Titan atmosphere based on fractal aerosol. As a first guess, the surface has been considered flat and lambertian. The results are presented as a function of the geographical coordinates associated to the image pixels. The libRadtran package, using the radiative transfer equation solver DISORT 2.0, has been applied for the calculations. A test run to evaluate the model performances, using ground based observations of Titan as reference in the range of wavelengths 0.3-1.0 μm, has been carried out.The retrieved values of the surface albedo range between 0.03 and 0.22.  相似文献   

Characteristics and climatic sensitivities of runoff from a cold‐type glacier on the Tibetan Plateau     

Koji Fujita  Takeshi Ohta  Yutaka Ageta 《水文研究》2007,21(21):2882-2891

Model calculations are made in order to understand the characteristics and response to climate change of runoff from a cold glacier on the Tibetan Plateau. Some 20% of meltwater is preserved at the snow–ice boundary due to refreezing, since the glaciers in mid to northern Tibet are sufficiently cooled during the previous winter. Sensitivity to alterations in meteorological parameters has revealed that a change in air temperature would cause not only an increase in melting by sensible heat, but also a drastic increase in melting due to lowering of the albedo, since some of the snowfall changes to rainfall. In addition, it was suggested that a decrease in precipitation would cause a lowering of the surface albedo, with a resulting increase in the contribution of glacier runoff to the total runoff of river water. This study shows the first quantitative evaluation of the above effects, though they have been suggested qualitatively. The seasonal sensitivity of glacier runoff was examined by changing the dates given for a meteorological perturbation for a period of only 5 days. It was revealed that changes in both air temperature and precipitation during the melting season strongly affected glacier runoff by changing the surface albedo, though these perturbations only slightly altered the annual averages. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Observations of urban snow properties in Calgary,Canada     

C. L. I. Ho  C. Valeo 《水文研究》2005,19(2):459-473

Urban winter hydrology has garnered very little attention owing to the general notion that high‐intensity rainfalls are the major flood‐generating events in urban areas. As a result, few efforts have been made to research urban snow and its melt characteristics. This study investigates the characteristics of urban snow that differentiate it from rural snow, and makes recommendations for incorporating these characteristics into an urban snowmelt model. A field study was conducted from the fall of 2001 to the spring of 2002 in the city of Calgary, Canada. Snow depths and densities, soil moisture, soil temperature, snow albedo, net radiation, snow evaporation, and surface temperature were measured at several locations throughout the winter period. The combination of urban snow removal practices and the physical elements that exist in urban areas were found to influence the energy balance of the snowpack profoundly. Shortwave radiation was found to be the main source of energy for urban snow; as a consequence, the albedo of urban snow is a very important factor in urban snowmelt modelling. General observations lead to the classification of snow as one of four types: snow piles, snow on road shoulders, snow on sidewalk edges, and snow in open areas. This resulted in the development of four separate functions for the changing snow albedo values. A study of the frozen ground conditions revealed that antecedent soil moisture conditions had very little impact on frozen ground, and thus frozen ground very nearly always acts as a near impervious area. Improved flood forecasting for urban catchments in cold regions can only be achieved with accurate modelling of urban winter runoff that involves the energy balance method, incorporating snow redistribution and urban snow‐cover characteristics, and using small time steps. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

ESTIMATION OF VEGETATIVE SURFACE ALBEDO IN THE KUSHIRO MIRE WITH LANDSAT TM DATA──A New Approach to Atmospheric and Spectral Corrections     

赵文经  赵焕宸 《中国地理科学(英文版)》1997,(3)

I.I~crIOXNOwadays,theremotesensingtechniqueshavebeenappliedinmeteorology,oceanography,hydrologyandsomeotherscientificfields,andbecomeauSefulmethodformonitoricsavastregion.Monitoringwithsatelliteremotesensinghas~advantageSincollectingdatacontinuously,regularlyandrepeatedlyinalargearea,inparticularinavastwetlandwherethefieldinvestigationisverydifficult.Therefore,remotesensingwithsatellitedataisthemostsuitablemethodforthesurveyinthiskindofregion.Untilthecoddleofthe20thcentury,wetlandhassometim…  相似文献