全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1042篇 |
免费 | 108篇 |
国内免费 | 72篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 27篇 |
大气科学 | 22篇 |
地球物理 | 400篇 |
地质学 | 305篇 |
海洋学 | 53篇 |
天文学 | 7篇 |
综合类 | 28篇 |
自然地理 | 380篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 6篇 |
2023年 | 10篇 |
2022年 | 30篇 |
2021年 | 44篇 |
2020年 | 45篇 |
2019年 | 46篇 |
2018年 | 51篇 |
2017年 | 41篇 |
2016年 | 41篇 |
2015年 | 40篇 |
2014年 | 64篇 |
2013年 | 73篇 |
2012年 | 33篇 |
2011年 | 39篇 |
2010年 | 49篇 |
2009年 | 47篇 |
2008年 | 31篇 |
2007年 | 50篇 |
2006年 | 48篇 |
2005年 | 39篇 |
2004年 | 38篇 |
2003年 | 46篇 |
2002年 | 38篇 |
2001年 | 30篇 |
2000年 | 34篇 |
1999年 | 26篇 |
1998年 | 28篇 |
1997年 | 38篇 |
1996年 | 21篇 |
1995年 | 21篇 |
1994年 | 19篇 |
1993年 | 16篇 |
1992年 | 14篇 |
1991年 | 8篇 |
1990年 | 6篇 |
1989年 | 4篇 |
1988年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 2篇 |
1985年 | 2篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有1222条查询结果,搜索用时 78 毫秒
71.
V. A. C. Bulgâreanu 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1993,2(2):165-171
Major limnological features and the distribution of Romanian saline lakes of therapeutic use are described. Phenomena which
affect mud formation and degradation are discussed and recommendations to protect and manage the lakes are put forward. 相似文献
72.
Nikolaos P. Nikolaidis Vicki S. Nikolaidis Jerald L. Schnoor 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1991,53(4):330-345
Monte-Carlo simulations were used to assess the extent of shortterm alkalinity depressions occuring in Sierra Nevada lakes due to acidic deposition events. The Episodic Event Model (EEM) was used to simulate spring snowmelt events. Snow course data, precipitation data and lake acidification surveys were used to derive values for the EEM parameters. Spring snowmelt events were shown to have great impacts on the water quality of Sierran lakes. Lakes are likely to be most affected by the early-spring snowmelt event because the epilimnion depth is at a minimum, which indicates minimum dilution. Under annual average loading conditions, no Sierran lake has been reported as acidic although 29% of the lakes have alkalinities less than 40 µeq/L indicating a sensitivity to acidification. In simulations of early-spring snowmelt events, using present-day acidic loading conditions, it was estimated 79% ± 9% of the lakes would experience shortterm lake alkalinity depressions to levels less than 40 µeq/L. The results provided by the model simulations are valuable in establishing upper and lower limits on the extent of possible episodic acidification to lake-resources-at-risk. The most critical parameters controlling the magnitude of lake alkalinity depressions during snowmelt episodic events are a) the lake area to watershed area ratio — a measure of input loading, and b) the epilimnion volume — a measure of dilution and mixing. 相似文献
73.
Sybille Wunsam Roland Schmidt Rolf Klee 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1995,57(4):360-386
Surface sediment diatom assemblages for 86 Alpine lakes were analysed focusing on the dominant genusCyclotella and corresponding environmental data. The range of morphological variability of theCyclotella bodanica/radiosa, C. distinguenda, C. ocellata, C. comensis andC. stelligera complexes was documented. Significance tests included in the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that total phosphorus, conductivity and surface water temperature were significantly correlated withCyclotella taxa assemblage distribution. Numerical species optima and tolerances were calculated in respect to these significant variables using weighted averaging (WA) regression and calibration. CCA and WA were able to provide information about the environmental preferences of the various morphotypes observed. 相似文献
74.
Lead analysis of sediment cores from seven Connecticut lakes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Lead analyses were performed on sediment cores from seven Connecticut lakes by dilute acid leaching. The absolute concentrations of lead varied from core to core, but the lead profiles were similar in all of the cores, and each depicted a point where the concentration of lead sharply increased above background levels. The background lead concentrations observed in the bottom portions of the cores ranged from 12-54 g Pb/g sediment with a mean of 30 g Pb/g, and increased to a mean maximum of 310 g Pb/g. In six of the lakes significant increases above background levels were not noted until between 1924 and 1952, suggesting that, at least for Connecticut lakes, the point in a lake sediment core where the concentration of lead began to increase was after ca. 1924, and on average about 1930. Lead concentrations declined in the surface sediments of only three of the lakes, mostly since the 1980's, and presumably in response to the phasing out of leaded gasoline. However, significant declines in lead concentrations were not observed in the remaining cores, possibly due to increased motor vehicle use within the airshed of the lakes and/or changes in the export of lead to the lakes from their watersheds. 相似文献
75.
Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition induces rapid ecological changes in alpine lakes of the Colorado Front Range (USA) 总被引:10,自引:3,他引:7
Recent sediments from two alpine lakes (> 3300 m asl) in the Colorado Front Range (USA) register marked and near-synchronous changes that are believed to represent ecological responses to enhanced atmospheric deposition of fixed nitrogen from anthropogenic sources. Directional shifts in sediment proxies include greater representations of mesotrophic diatoms and increasingly depleted 15N values. These trends are particularly pronounced since ~ 1950, and appear to chronicle lake responses to excess N derived from agricultural and industrial sources to the east. The rate and magnitude of recent ecological changes far exceed the context of natural variability, as inferred from comparative analyses of a long core capturingthe entire 14,000-year postglacial history of one of the lakes. Nitrogen deposition to these seemingly pristine natural areas has resulted in subtle but detectable limnological changes that likely represent the beginning of a stronger response to nitrogen enrichment. 相似文献
76.
In two of the perennially ice-covered lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, lakes Hoare and Bonney in the Taylor Valley, bottom water has 14C ages of 2.7 ka and 10 ka (respectively), rendering 14C ages of bottom sediments highly problematic. Consequently, we tested the effectiveness of thermoluminescence (TL) zeroing in polymineral fine silt material from several depositional environments around and on the lake (stream suspensions, ice-surface sand dune, and silty sand from near the top of the more-than-3m-thick ice). We also conducted TL and infrared-stimulated-luminescence (IRSL) dating tests on material from three box cores recovered from the bottom of Lake Hoare, in a transect away from the abutting Canada Glacier. We observed effective zeroing of light-sensitive TL in suspended silt from one input stream and less effective zeroing from another stream. We observed effective zeroing of light-sensitive TL also in silt from a glacier-proximal eolian ice-surface dune and from sand from within the upper 5 cm of ice. In contrast, in box-core 1, the bottom sediment yielded minimum TL apparent ages of 1500-2600 yrs, with no discernable stratigraphic depth trend. IRSL dating applied to the same box-core samples produced significantly lower age estimates, ranging from ~600 ± 200 yrs to 1440 ± 270 yrs top-to-bottom, an improvement over the depth-constant ~2200 yrs TL ages. In two other cores closer to the Canada Glacier, IRSL ages from ~600 ± 200 yrs (top) to ~ 2900± 300 yrs (at depth) were measured. Not only are the IRSL ages a significant improvement over the TL results, but the near-core-top IRSL ages are also a dramatic improvement over the 14C results (~2.7 ka). IRSL dating has a demonstrated potential to supplant 14C dating for such antarctic lacustrine deposits. 相似文献
77.
澜沧江上游德钦县亚高山、高山草地群落类型及其特点 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
摘要:采用样方调查方法获得94个草地群落样方,对澜沧江上游德钦县亚高山、高山草地群落类型及其特点进行了初步分析。结果表明,该县亚高山、高山草地群落类型存在20个类型。在放牧干扰下,大多数群落类型处于退化状态,相互之间存在明显的群落替代关系;调查发现群落中每平方米内平均含8种草本植物,平均盖度62.4%,地上平均生物量是4859kg/hm^2,平均可食率为61.5%;鸢尾群落、牛旁群落和小狼毒群落是草地严重退化后形成的典型有毒害群落类型;长期的高强度放牧虽然增加了群落类型多样性,但减少了群落内物种多样性。总体而言,长期的放牧干扰降低了德钦草地的生物多样性的质量及其生态服务功能,导致草地生态系统的非持续发展。 相似文献
78.
为确定沙漠化对高山嵩草草甸植被组成、结构和物种多样性的影响,了解高寒区草甸沙漠化的原因,选择西藏那曲安多县南部沙漠化严重区域为调查区,按照沙漠化的不同程度设置样地,系统调查了轻度、中度、重度和极重度沙化草甸的植被变化,结果表明:中度、重度和极重度沙化区的植被与轻度沙化草甸有显著的差异;在中度和重度沙化区,高寒草甸的建群种高山嵩草已被家畜不喜食或更具抗性的植物种所取代,而在极重度沙化的流动沙丘上无植被生长;从过牧的退化草甸到半流动、流动沙丘,植物种多样性呈显著的降低趋势。轻度沙化草甸物种数、个体密度和丰富度指数最多;中度沙化草甸的Shannon-Wiener指数和均匀度指数最大,而优势度指数最小;在沙化过程中,高寒草甸的植被盖度显著下降,地上生物量也在下降,虽然轻度、中度和重度沙化草地的地上生物量显著高于极重度沙化区,但前者之间却无显著差异。地下根系生物量也呈显著下降的趋势。过牧是造成高山嵩草草甸沙化的主要原因。 相似文献
79.
A study on two closed salt lake basins, Tal Chapar and Parihara in the eastern margin of the Thar Desert, Rajasthan, was carried
out to unravel late Quaternary geomorphic evolution of these saline lakes. Both lakes are elliptical in shape bordered by
stabilised dunes, and are oriented in a NE-SW direction, i.e., in the direction of the prevailing summer monsoon wind. Both
lakes have been formed in the wind-shadow zones of isolated hills of Precambrian quartzite. Our study indicates that the late
Quaternary sediments in the lakes began with the cyclic deposition of laminated fine silt layers (0.5 m thick), rich in organic
matter, alternating with ripple cross-bedded sand layers (each ∼1.5–2 m thick). Sand layers that are moderately sorted are
separated by laminated silt-clay layers with gypsum/calcite and this unit occurs in the upper most 4 m sequence in deeper
sections. The presence of gypsum crystals within the laminated sediments suggests a high concentration of Ca in the inflowing
water.
At Parihara Lake the organic carbon-rich sediments at 95 cm depth was dated to 7,375 + 155/−150 year BP. At Tal Chapar radiocarbon
dates of 7,190 + 155/−150 and 9,903 + 360/−350 was obtained from the sediments rich in organic carbon occurring at a depth
of 1.35 m and 1.80 m, respectively. The study reveals strong hydrologic oscillations during the past ∼14,000 year BP (13,090 + 310/−300 year
BP).
Quaternary geomorphic processes, especially the strong aeolian processes during dry climatic phases, played a major role in
the formation of the lake basins, as well as the fringing linear dunes. Geochemical and mineralogical analyses of the lacustrine
sediments, supported by radiocarbon dates indicate the existence of an ephemeral lake earlier than ∼13,000 year BP as sediments
began to be deposited in a lacustrine environment implying sustained runoff in the catchments. A freshwater lake formed between
9,000 year and 7,000 year BP. The lake dried periodically and this strong fluctuating regime continued until about ∼7,000 year
BP. Mid-Holocene was wet and this was possibly due to higher winter rains A saline lake existed between 6,000 year and 1,300 year
BP and finally present day semi arid conditions set in since 1,200 year BP. Remnants of a habitation site (hearth and charred
bones) on stabilised dune at Devani near Tal Chapar were dated to 240 ± 120 year, while that at Gopalpura was dated to 335 ± 90 year.
These historical sites on stabilised dunes were, according to the local accounts, settlements of people who used the lake
brine for manufacturing salt. 相似文献
80.
Three cores from two connected lakes in Central Ireland (Lough Kinale and Derragh Lough) were investigated using diatom analysis
to establish the Holocene development of the lacustrine system, any local variations within the lakes and any anthropogenic
influences. The study area was situated in a lowland location and the lakes were shallow, unstratified and interconnected.
Litho-and bio-stratigraphical analyses of the lake cores and deposits beneath a mire separating the two lakes showed the changing
spatial configuration of the lake system in the early Holocene and the separation of the initial lake into three basins (cf.
lacustrine cells) and finally into two interlinked lakes. The evolution of the lake system is conceptualised as the development
of distinct lacustrine cells, and its sediments have recorded changes in the physical (geography, depth and sedimentation)
and chemical (water chemistry) properties of the lakes inferred through diatom analyses. The longest sequence, from the early
Holocene, records fluctuating lake levels and these are correlated with geomorphological mapping and surveying of palaeoshorelines.
The diatom assemblages of the upper 2 m of the three cores, covering approximately the last 2000–3000 radiocarbon years show
considerable difference in trophic status and life-form categories. This is related to the location of the cores in the lake
and also the distance from human settlement with particular reference to proximity to crannog (artificial island) construction
and use. The most central core from the deepest part of Lough Kinale has the least representation of the human settlement
and agricultural activity in the catchment and on the fringes of the lake, whereas the core taken from the edge of a crannog
is able to identify when construction and use of the crannog occurred. The local nature of the palaeoecological response to
human activity due to incomplete water mixing has the advantage of allowing the lake sediment cores to be used to determine
spatially discrete settlement patterns. 相似文献