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21.
松散沉积物中天然气水合物生成、分解过程与声学特性的实验研究 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
为了解松散沉积物中天然气水合物的生成和分解规律以及水合物对沉积物声学特性的影响,在粒径为0.18~0.28mm天然沙中进行了甲烷水合物的生成和分解实验,并利用超声波探测技术和时域反射技术实时测量了反应体系的声学参数与含水量。结果表明:根据水合物的生成和分解速率,可将水合物的生成过程分为初始生长期、快速生长期和稳定期3个阶段,分解过程可分为初始分解期和样品表层水合物快速分解期以及样品内、外层水合物均快速分解期3个阶段;由温度和压力数据的分析,得出水合物先在沉积物表层生长,然后在沉积物内、外层迅速生成;由水合物分解过程3个阶段的平均分解率,得出水合物的分解是一个由慢到快的过程。对声学参数的研究表明:水合物在松散沉积物中先胶结骨架颗粒而生成,使纵波速度和声波衰减在饱和度0~1%之间陡然增大;随后水合物开始在沉积物孔隙中形成悬浮粒子,造成超声波信号在饱和度1%~90%间淬熄,声波速度无法获取。研究结果在揭示沉积物中水合物与颗粒间接触机制的同时,为海上地球物理勘探中地震信号的解释提供了新的思路。 相似文献
22.
23.
Xavier Emery 《Mathematical Geosciences》2008,40(6):671-688
An important aspect in mineral resource evaluation is the reduction of variance when post-processing the grade distributions
defined on the support (volume) of the available data into distributions defined on the support of the proposed selective
mining units. Although the volume-variance relationship is well understood for the estimation of global grade distributions,
it is still an unsolved issue for local estimation studies based on non-parametric geostatistical methods, such as indicator
kriging, for which the support correction is not inherent to the method. To clarify this relationship, the local change of
support problem is examined in the scope of two parametric models (multi-Gaussian and discrete Gaussian models). It is shown
that the variance reduction factor between point and block-support local distributions depends on the block being considered
and is less than the global variance reduction factor. As a consequence, post-processing the local point-support grade distributions
on the basis of the latter systematically understates the importance of the change of support at the local scale and makes
selective mining appear more economically attractive than it really is. In the light of these results, a methodology is proposed
to post-process the local point-support distributions obtained via non-parametric (indicator) methods into block-support distributions.
An application to simulated data indicates that this methodology provides an accurate estimation at the block support when
dealing with diffusion-type random fields. 相似文献
24.
Abdallah I. Husein Malkawi Robert Y. Liang Jamal H. Nusairat Azm S. Al-Homoud 《Natural Hazards》1995,12(2):139-151
Earthquake hazard maps for Syria are presented in this paper. The Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) on bedrock, both with 90% probability of not being exceeded during a life time of 50, 100 and 200 years, respectively are developed. The probabilistic PGA and MMI values are evaluated assuming linear sources (faults) as potential sources of future earthquakes. A new attenuation relationship for this region is developed. Ten distinctive faults of potential earthquakes are identified in and around Syria. The pertinent parameters of each fault, such as theb-parameter in the Gutenberg-Richter formula, the annual rate
4 and the upper bound magnitudem
1 are determined from two sets of seismic data: the historical earthquakes and the instrumentally recorded earthquake data (AD 1900–1992). The seismic hazard maps developed are intended for preliminary analysis of new designs and seismic check of existing civil engineering structures. 相似文献
25.
We theoretically study the scattering ofP, SV andSH waves by a zonal distribution of cracks, which simulates a fault fracture zone. An investigation is conducted how the geometrical properties of the crack distribution and the frictional characteristics of the crack surface are reflected in the attenuation and dispersion of incident waves, as well as in the amplitudes of the transmitted and reflected waves from the zone. If the crack distribution within the fault zone changes temporally during the preparation process of the expected earthquake, it will be important for earthquake prediction to monitor it, utilizing the scattering-induced wave phenomena.We consider the two-dimensional problem. Aligned cracks with the same length are assumed to be randomly distributed in a zone with a finite width, on which elastic waves are assumed to be incident. The distribution of cracks is assumed to be homogeneous and sparse. The crack surface is assumed to be stress-free, or to undergo viscous friction; the latter case simulates fluid-filled cracks. The opening displacement of the crack is assumed to be negligibly small. The idea of the mean wave formalism is employed in the analysis, and Foldy's approximation is assumed.When the crack surface is stress-free, it is commonly observed for every wave mode (P, SV andSH) that the attenuation coefficientQ
–1 peaks aroundka1, the phase velocity is almost independent ofk in the rangeka<1 and it increases monotonically withk in the rangeka>1, wherek is the intrinsicS wavenumber anda is the half length of the crack. The effect of the friction is to shift the peak ofQ
–1 and the corner of the phase velocity curve to the low wavenumber range. The high wavenumber asymptote ofQ
–1 is proportional tok
–1 independently of model parameters and the wave modes. If the seismological observation thatQ
–1 ofS waves has a peak at around 0.5 Hz in the earth's crust is combined with our results, the upper limit of crack size within the crust is estimated about 4 km. The information regarding the transmitted and reflected waves, such as the high wavenumber limit of the amplitude of the transmitted wave etc., allows estimation of the strength of the friction. 相似文献
26.
Unified approach to amplitude attenuation and coda excitation in the randomly inhomogeneous lithosphere 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Haruo Sato 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1990,132(1-2):93-121
A unified model is proposed for explaining the frequency dependent amplitude attenuation and the coda wave excitation on the basis of the single scattering process in the randomly inhomogeneous lithosphere. Adopting Birch's law and a direct proportion between density and wave velocity, we statistically describe the inhomogeneous medium by one random function characterized by the von Karman autocorrelation function. We calculate the amplitude attenuation from the solid angle integral of scattered wave energy on the basis of the Born approxiimation after subtracting the travel-time fluctuation effect caused by slowly varying velocity inhomogeneities. This subtraction is equivalent to neglect energy loss by scattering within a cone around the forward direction. The random inhomogeneity of the von Karman autocorrelation function of order 0.35 with the mean square fractional fluctuation of 7.2×10–3 1.3×10–2 and the correlation distance of 2.15.1 km well explains observed backward scattering coefficientg
and the ratioQ
P
–1
/Q
S
–1
, and observed and partially conjecturedQ
S
–1
for frequencies between 0.5 Hz and 30 Hz. 相似文献
27.
Arsenic is one of the most important single-substance toxicants in the environment. In Inner Mongolia of China, 300000 residents are believed to drink water containing 〉50 μg/L. Skin lesions have been known as the most common consequences resulting from chronic exposure to arsenic. To clarify the prevalence of arsenic-induced skin lesions, it is important to assess the impact of this problem on the target population, and to make future planning. We evaluated the association between multi-level inorganic arsenic exposure from drinking water and skin lesions in an arsenic-affected area in Inner Mongolia, China. 109 and 32 subjects fi'om high-level arsenic-affected (〉5 μg/L) village and low-level (≤50 μg/L) village were recruited and had detailed physical examination with special emphasis on arsenic-related skin lesions. Arsenic exposure was measured for each participant with As concentration of primary well and the duration of using the well was recorded. Arsenic-induced skin lesions including keratosis, pigmentation, and/or leucomelanosis were diagnosed in 56 and 3 subjects in the two villages, respectively. Logistic regression was conducted to calculate prevalence-odd ratios of skin lesions by levels of arsenic exposure with adjustment of sex, age group, smoking and duration of exposure. A consistent dose-response relationship between arsenic exposure level and skin lesion risk was observed. 相似文献
28.
29.
Y.T. John Kwong 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):229-230
Naturally acidic drainage associated with pyritic black shale has been observed in many locations in the Yukon Territory. While not necessarily linked to known mineral deposits, most of these natural acid rock drainage occurrences show elevated dissolved concentrations of trace elements, especially zinc, nickel, copper, cadmium and arsenic. Based on field observations, microbial investigation, chemical analyses and geochemical modeling, the fate and transport of potentially deleterious elements at two natural acid drainage occurrences with slightly different settings are examined. The Macintosh Creek is a small, acidic stream (pH 2.98-3.40), 2 km long, located in the Macmillan Pass area of east-central Yukon amidst known sedimentary exhalative massive sulfide mineralization but remains undisturbed by exploration activities. Its trace metal content is apparently derived from groundwater discharges, which gave as much as 5.0, 2.5, 0.7, 0.13 and 0.03 mg/L ofZn, Ni, Cu and As, respectively. Interaction and sorption reactions with algal mats, biofilms and iron oxyhydroxides appear to be the dominant mechanisms attenuating aqueous contaminant transport along the stream. Cryogenic precipitation further consolidates the ferricrete formation and reduces the mobility of the sorbed metals. The tributaries of the Engineering Creek along the Dempster Highway in northern Yukon drain through a series of dolomite, phyllite, argillite, limestone, black shale, sandstone and conglomerate with no known concentration of mineralization. In this area, the water chemistry fully reflects the local geology with acidic streams invariably associated with black shale occurrences. Groundwater seeps in the headwaters area of the km-180 Creek completely enclosed in black shale gave pH 3.0 and as much as 148, 39, 2.9 and 9.1 mg/L of Zn, Ni, Cu and As, respectively. Sorption with iron oxyhydroxide and organic matter appear to dominate the attenuation of contaminant transport along the stream. However, once entered into carbonate-dominated terrains, secondary carbonate minerals exercise additional geochemical control on the local water chemistry as a result of neutralization. 相似文献
30.
M. V. M. S. Rao K. J. Prasanna Lakshmi L. P. Sarma K. B. Chary 《Journal of Earth System Science》2006,115(6):673-683
Compressional and shear wave velocities and attenuation measurements have been carried out in some of the borehole samples
of acidic, basic and intermediate granulites of Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu, India. The results have been obtained at ambient
conditions using ‘time-of-flight’ pulse transmission technique at 1.0 MHz frequency. The results show linear relationships
between velocity and density, and velocity and attenuation properties of the rocks. The acidic granulites show lower velocities
and higher attenuation than the intermediate and basic granulites. The average values of the Poisson’s ratio of acidic, intermediate
and basic granulites have been found to be 0.210, 0.241 and 0.279 respectively. The variations in velocities and attenuation
in these low porosity crystalline rocks are found to be strongly influenced by their mineral composition. The laboratory velocity
data (extrapolated to high pressure) of the present study and the published field velocity data from deep seismic sounding
studies indicate that these granulite facies rocks may belong to mid-crustal depths only. 相似文献