断裂输导流体的机制及输导形式探讨   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

孙同文  付广  吕延防  赵荣 《地质论评》2012,58(6):1081-1090

张性正断层断裂带一般具有二分结构,即断层核和破裂带,断层核伴生裂缝、连通孔隙及破裂带诱导裂缝均可作为输导流体的通道.断裂活动具有幕式的特征,一次活动周期可以分为活动期、活动—间歇过渡期和间歇期3个阶段,断裂活动期以伴生裂缝为优势输导通道,一般以“地震泵”控制下的幕式运移机制为主;活动间歇期输导能力较弱,通道为连通孔隙,遵循浮力控制下的缓慢渗流机制;而活动—间歇过渡期兼具有活动期和间歇期的部分特征,主要输导通道为破裂带诱导裂缝.断裂输导具有3个方向的运移分量,即沿断裂纵向方向、沿断裂走向方向和横穿断层面方向,与此相对应,目前断裂输导形式分为“2型4类”,包括沿断层面输导和横穿断层面输导两大类型,其中,沿断层面输导型又可分为沿断裂纵向向上输导、沿断裂走向输导和沿断裂向下“倒灌”式输导3类.沿断裂纵向向上输导是目前最重要的断裂输导形式,进一步分为3种亚类,即线性输导、“Y”形输导和似花状输导,似花状输导所占比例最大.具体的输导形式及方向取决于活动时期断裂与两侧地层的配置关系及多种运移动力、阻力的矢量合.  相似文献   

三角洲平原高弯曲分流河道内部结构单元三维建模   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

尹艳树  张昌民  尹太举  俞宸 《地质论评》2013,59(3):544-550

以大庆萨尔图油田北三区西部西块SⅡ12小层典型三角洲平原高弯曲分流河道为例,进行了三角洲平原高弯曲分流河道内部结构单元建模。首先根据高弯曲分流河道沉积层次性,以及河流弯曲机理,解剖了分流河道内部结构,识别出点坝以及侧积层单元,提取了侧积层形态参数和统计参数。其次采用椭球形方程建立了侧积层平面数学函数表达式,采用直线方程描述侧积层剖面形态,从而建立侧积层空间三维几何形态。最后,分两步建立了高弯度分流河道内部结构单元三维地质模型。首先采用序贯指示建模建立分流河道微相模型;随后根据侧积层数学模型描述侧积层空间分布。并在分流河道微相内部将侧积层模型嵌入,形成精细的高弯曲分流河道内部结构模型。以此思路为指导建立了SⅡ12小层结构模型,以此结构模型为基础的储层参数模型很好地再现了点坝内部侧积层对流体渗流的遮挡,为油藏数值模拟和剩余油挖潜奠定了基础。  相似文献   

南阿尔金木纳布拉克地区高压泥质麻粒岩的确定及其地质意义   总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1  

曹玉亭  刘良  王超  康磊  杨文强  梁莎  廖小莹  王亚伟 《岩石学报》2013,29(5):1727-1739

南阿尔金木纳布拉克地区出露一套典型的高压泥质麻粒岩,其峰期特征矿物组合为Grt+ Ky+ Kfs+Qz+Ilm.根据矿物内部一致性热力学数据和Thermocalc3.33程序计算,确定其峰期变质温压条件为T＞850℃和P＞11kbar.结合岩相学研究和P-T视剖面图计算,可识别出该岩石经历了3个阶段的变质演化,构成了一个早期降温降压,后期近等压降温的顺时针型的退变质P-T演化轨迹.该岩石锆石阴极发光图像显示其内部具有明显的核-边结构,核部为残留的原岩碎屑锆石,边部则表现为面状生长的变质锆石的特征.微区原位LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析和锆石U-Pb定年表明,该岩石原岩的形成时代上限值约为579Ma,变质年龄为486±5Ma.该麻粒岩与南阿尔金淡水泉地区的高压麻粒岩具有相似变质演化轨迹和一致的峰期变质年龄,亦与南阿尔金其它超高压岩石的峰期变质年龄一致,表明它们都是南阿尔金陆壳深俯冲作用引发的高压-超高压变质事件的产物,它们共同构成南阿尔金高压-超高压变质带.同时代的UHP榴辉岩和高压麻粒岩共存的现象,可以很好地利用“俯冲隧道模型”来解释,即可能是由于陆壳在深俯冲过程中不同深度不同热状态下发生拆离作用后折返引起的.另外,该麻粒岩的原岩形成时代(约为579Ma),可能为新元古代晚期,与南阿尔金高压-超高压岩石的原岩形成时代基本一致或稍晚,因此不应再作为岩石地层单元划归为“长城系”,而应归属为南阿尔金高压-超高压变质岩带的一部分.  相似文献   

The role of morphology on the displacement of particles in a step–pool river system     

Hlne Lamarre  Andr G. Roy 《Geomorphology》2008,99(1-4):270-279

Although studies of sediment transport in steep and coarse-grained channels have been more numerous in recent years, the dynamics of sediment transport in step–pool river systems remain poorly understood. This paper investigates displacements of individual clasts through Spruce Creek (Québec, Canada), a classic step–pool channel, and the effects of the channel morphology on the path length of the clasts. Passive integrated transponder tags (PIT) were used to track the displacement of 196 individual particles over a range of discharges including the bankfull stage. Clasts were tracked after five sequences of flood events. The results showed that the distance distributions match a two-parameter Gamma model. Equal mobility transport occurs for the particle size investigated during each sequence of flood events. Mean travel distance of the clasts can be estimated from excess stream power, and the mobility of the clasts is more than an order of magnitude less than the model reported in riffle–pool channels. The dominant morphological length scale of the bed also controls the path length of the clasts. These results confirm some preliminary observations on sediment transport in step–pool channels.  相似文献   

Tsunamigenic incisions produced by the December 2004 earthquake along the coasts of Thailand, Indonesia and Sri Lanka     

Sergio Fagherazzi  Xizhen Du 《Geomorphology》2008,99(1-4):120-129

Field observations and satellite images indicate that tsunami waves exhibit specific patterns during flooding and recession forming characteristic incisions in the coastal landscape. To study these incisions we analyze high resolution remote sensing images of the coastline of Indonesia, Thailand and Sri Lanka impacted by the tsunami of December 26th, 2004. The analysis sheds light on the different mechanisms by which currents scour incisions during the flooding and receding phases of a tsunami. During flooding the high velocity flow indents the levees of existing tidal channels and bays, leaving short flood scours. The receding water then dissects the coastline with equally spaced return channels widening toward the coast.  相似文献   

GEOMORPHIC AND STRATIGRAPHIC COMPLEXITY: HOLOCENE ALLUVIAL HISTORY OF UPPER WOLLOMBI BROOK, AUSTRALIA     

WAYNE D. ERSKINE  M.D. MELVILLE 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2008,90(1):19-35

Holocene and post‐European settlement alluvial histories of three nested drainage basins were reconstructed from detailed litho‐ and chronostratigraphy of cut and fill terraces and flood‐plains in the upper Wollombi Brook catchment. Fernances Creek (13.8 km²) valley fill consisted of intercalated thin mud sheets deposited in ephemeral swamps and thick sand sheets deposited by discontinuous channels. Dairy Arm (39.8 km²) valley fill was more complex, with inset alluvial fills in the upper basin and overlapping vertically stacked fills in the lower basin. However, correlative lithostrati‐graphic units were not found on all tributaries. Furthermore, basal radiocarbon dates on the last inset fill of four tributaries did not overlap, allowing for plus or minus twice the standard deviation of the reported ages. Wollombi Brook (341 km²) valley fill was also complex, with longitudinally discontinuous units, most of which were not found in the two tributaries. Upstream late Holocene channel incision was coeval with downstream chain of ponds because sediment generated by incision was stored in the intervening valley. Historical channel incision occurred between 1838 and 1867 on Fernances Creek at a locally steeper section of valley floor during the period of peak population and frequent floods immediately after a road crossing was constructed, but coincided with a catastrophic flood on Dairy Arm (June 1949) and on Wollombi Brook (1927). Lack of correlative litho‐ and chronostrati‐graphic units plus out‐of‐phase post‐European incision indicate that stratigraphic complexity is a function of geomorphic complexity due to the operation of geomorphic thresholds and complex response.  相似文献   

Temporal and spatial behaviour of rip channels in a multiple‐barred coastal system     

S. Quartel 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(2):163-176

A 15‐month data set of daily time‐averaged video images (Argus) has been analyzed to describe the spatial and temporal variability of the rip channels on a multiple‐barred coast at Noordwijk aan Zee, The Netherlands. The landward boundary of the intertidal bars and a proxy of the subtidal bar crest, defined as the intertidal and subtidal bar lines respectively, were derived from the Argus images. Local seaward‐directed deviations of the bar lines represent the cross‐shore and alongshore locations of the rip channels. The average intertidal rip spacing ( ) was 243 m, but the rips were not spaced regularly (σ_λ/ = 0.47). Some intertidal rips were observed to fill up during falling tide, but the majority remained open. The filled intertidal rip channels had more landward positions and migrated more slowly (2.4 versus 4.6 m/day) in the alongshore direction than the open intertidal rip channels. The number and the alongshore migration rate of open intertidal rip channels increased with the preceding wave heights (r = 0.26, p < 0.01) and alongshore component of the offshore wave power (r = 0.25, p < 0.01), respectively. The shape of the intertidal bar lines was similar to the subtidal bar line shape, suggesting that the intertidal morphology is coupled to the subtidal alongshore variability. The phase of two bar lines could vary from in phase (0°) to out of phase (180°). The phase changes gradually, due to different alongshore migration rates of the intertidal and subtidal bar lines. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Ecomorphodynamics of rivers with converging boundaries          下载免费PDF全文

Paolo Perona  Benoît Crouzy  Stuart McLelland  Peter Molnar  Carlo Camporeale 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(12):1651-1662

Many rivers worldwide show converging sections where a characteristic limiting front for vegetation establishment on gravel bars is observed. An important conceptual model was advanced in 2006 by Gurnell and Petts, who demonstrated that for the convergent section of the Tagliamento River the downstream front of vegetation establishment can be explained by unit stream power. We introduce a theoretical framework based on 1D ecomorphodynamic equations modified to account for the biological dynamics of vegetation. We obtain the first analytical result explaining the position and river width where vegetation density is expected to vanish in relation to a characteristic streamflow magnitude and both hydraulic and biological parameters. We apply our model to a controlled experiment within a convergent flume channel with growing seedlings perturbed by periodic floods. For a range of timescales where hydrological and biological processes interact, we observe the formation of a front in the convergent section beyond which vegetation cannot survive, the location of which is explained by flow magnitude. This experiment confirms that the timescales of the involved processes and the unit stream power determine the existence and the position of the front within convergent river reaches, respectively. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Improvement of the Lateral Distribution Method based on the mixing layer theory     

《Advances in water resources》2014

  相似文献   

Flow fields in tightly curving meander bends of low width‐depth ratio     

Rachel A. Nanson 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2010,35(2):119-135

Upland swamp channels with low width/depth ratios (w/d), armoured beds, minimal sediment loads, tightly curving bends and an absence of point bars provide a striking contrast to the flow characteristics of larger channels with higher w/d ratios. Two subsets of these bends were examined in relation to their patterns of cross‐stream flow relative to the channel boundary. The first, with mean w/d = 2·0 and gentle barforms, exhibited even velocity distributions at bend entrances but developed vertically stacked pairs of maximum velocity filaments (MVFs). Cross‐stream circulation increased with decreasing curvature before essentially ceasing in the tightest bend due to the conservation of angular momentum and reduced vertical velocity differentials; bed friction has more limited influence in narrow deep channels relative to bank friction. In the second subset of bends, with larger w/d (mean 4·8) and much steeper barforms, the MVFs were laterally paired and strongly helical flow was partly driven by the vertical confinement of flow due to large, stable barforms at the bend entrances. In one bend, the velocity profile became inverted immediately past the apex and caused helical flow to abruptly reverse. Point bars in relatively wide bedload channels appear to greatly distort secondary flow patterns. In narrow, deep, sediment‐starved channels, separation zones against the convex and/or the concave bank deliver the flow confinement that would otherwise be provided by point bars or concave‐bank benches. In these channels, separation zones are important for protecting both the channel bed and banks from scour. Three‐dimensional near bankfull flow fields are presented for one bend with a meander pool; inward shifting of the MVF and limited sediment supply are proposed as mechanisms for the development and maintenance of these features. These flow data in narrow and deep peatland channels demonstrate very different flow patterns and morphological characteristics relative to the more commonly studied wide, shallow channels with more abundant sediment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献