Are peatlands in different states with respect to their thermodynamic behaviour? A simple test of peatland energy and entropy budgets     

Fred Worrall  Ross Morrison  Chris Evans  Joerg Kaduk  Susan Page  Alex Cumming  Mark Rayment  Nicholas Kettridge 《水文研究》2021,35(12):e14431

Whilst all ecosystems must obey the second law of thermodynamics, these physical bounds and controls on ecosystem evolution and development are largely ignored across the ecohydrological literature. To unravel the importance of these underlying restraints on ecosystem form and function, and their power to inform our scientific understanding, we have calculated the entropy budget of a range of peat ecosystems. We hypothesize that less disturbed peatlands are ‘near equilibrium’ with respect to the second law of thermodynamics and thus respond to change by minimizing entropy production. This ‘near equilibrium’ state is best achieved by limiting evaporative losses. Alternatively, peatlands ‘far-from-equilibrium’ respond to a change in energy inputs by maximizing entropy production which is best achieved by increasing evapotranspiration. To test these alternatives this study examined the energy balance time series from seven peatlands across a disturbance gradient. We estimate the entropy budgets for each and determine how a change in net radiation (ΔR_n) was transferred to a change in latent heat flux (ΔλE). The study showed that: (i) The transfer of net radiation to latent heat differed significantly between peatlands. One group transferred up to 64% of the change in net radiation to a change in latent heat flux, while the second transferred as little as 27%. (ii) Sites that transferred the most energy to latent heat flux were those that produced the greatest entropy. The study shows that an ecosystem could be ‘near equilibrium’ rather than ‘far from equilibrium’.  相似文献   

国土空间规划中水源涵养功能生态保护红线备选区的识别     

李萌  王传胜  张雪飞 《地理研究》2019,38(10):2447-2457

水源涵养功能重要性是生态保护红线划分工作中重要的评价指标之一。通过对以往生态系统水源涵养功能区划分的指标及其区域导向的系统梳理,在进一步明晰国土空间规划中水源涵养功能生态保护红线区域指向的基础上,按照国土空间规划关于“三区三线”自下而上试划的要求,探讨了水源涵养重要性生态保护红线划分及其评价的改进方法。选取中国典型喀斯特区域六盘水市作为研究案例区,分别用环保部2015版与2017版《生态保护红线划定技术指南》中的模型法、NPP法以及本研究提出的改进方法,对六盘水市水源涵养功能生态保护红线进行了试划。对比三种方法的划定结果可以看出,改进方法因评价数据精度的提高减少了《生态保护红线划定技术指南》方法的区域损失,提高了区域判别的精准性,可望为国土空间规划中生态保护红线的划定提供科学依据。  相似文献   

近20a来巢湖流域生态服务价值空间分异机制的地理探测   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

黄木易  方斌  岳文泽  冯少茹 《地理研究》2019,38(11):2790-2803

生态系统服务功能是生态系统和生态过程形成和维持的自然环境条件及作用。基于1995—2017年遥感分类数据,对研究区按3 km×3 km幅度网格化2019个样方,利用空间统计和缓冲区等方法进行巢湖流域生态服务价值时空演变特征分析,应用地理探测器工具揭示生态服务价值空间分异的主导因子及因子交互作用机制,并提出生态服务价值空间优化策略。结果表明：① 巢湖流域生态服务价值量由1995年的303.17亿元分别下降为2005年300.95亿元和2017年287.70亿元,近20a来减少约5.11%,年均下降率0.23%,其中合肥市区、巢湖南部和东部地区降速明显;② 生态服务价值等级空间转移分析表明,巢湖流域低级别生态服务价值区域在扩展,中等及高级别区域在缩小。以巢湖为核心的缓冲区分析表明,20a来缓冲区核心环带内生态服务价值量下降18.55%,巢湖流域水环境保护核心区的生态系统功能变化值得关注;③ 地理探测分析表明,人为影响综合指数是生态服务价值空间分异的主导因子;地形、气象因素是重要影响因子;人为影响指数因子、自然因子及社会经济因子的交互协同增强效应共同影响了流域生态服务价值在空间上的分异效果。研究结果在一定程度上可为巢湖流域生态系统调控与优化提供理论依据。  相似文献   

雄安新区生态系统服务簇权衡与协同   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

申嘉澍  梁泽  刘来保  李德龙  张亚彤  李双成 《地理研究》2020,39(1):79-91

河北雄安新区建设是千年大计、国家大事。在生态优先、绿色发展理念引领下,深入理解生态系统服务间关系对于优化国土空间开发保护、实现自然资源可持续管理具有重要意义。本文基于多源数据评估了雄安新区四种生态系统服务,分析了生态系统服务间关系,并利用自组织映射特征网络划分了生态系统服务簇,以期为新区统筹权衡规划建设提供科学依据。研究结果表明：雄安新区生物多样性维持服务供给总体呈从东北向西南递增;食物供给服务在安新县与容城县供给较高,在雄县供给较低;产水服务供给以西南部地区较高,东北部地区较低;娱乐服务供给则以中北部地区较高,西南部地区较低。不同类型生态系统服务间多为协同关系,少为权衡关系。识别出四种生态系统服务簇,不同服务簇的主要土地利用类型及服务供给特点均存在差异,食物供给簇以旱地为主,主要提供食物供给服务;文化娱乐簇也以旱地为主,主要提供娱乐服务;生态保育簇以水域、旱地和林地为主,主要提供生物多样性维持服务;城镇生活簇则以建设用地为主,也包括少部分水田,主要以产水服务较高。根据不同生态系统服务供给间关系特征,为新区合理确定土地利用变更时序与位置以及促进多重生态系统服务可持续供给提出了建议。  相似文献   

海南儋州海域造礁石珊瑚种类组成及动态变化研究          下载免费PDF全文

廖宝林  肖宝华  覃业曼  谢子强  谢勇琪  朱鸣 《海洋开发与管理》2020,37(7):55-61

文章通过断面法调查分析了儋州海域海花岛沿岸、南华墟沿岸和磷枪石岛沿岸造礁石珊瑚的种类组成与群落分布，结果表明：儋州海域造礁石珊瑚共有12科25属55种，相较于此前的研究增加了10个种，优势种为斯氏角孔珊瑚、澄黄滨珊瑚、柱角孔珊瑚；活造礁石珊瑚覆盖率急剧下降，由2012年的42.92%下降至现在的22.24%，降幅高至48.18%；造礁石珊瑚死亡率高居不下，长期维持在35%左右；初级群落以团块状造礁石珊瑚为优势种的趋势愈发明显，且单一绝对优势种的情况频繁出现，说明该海域造礁石珊瑚群落受到了较为严重的破坏，导致群落退化演替，分析认为这种破坏是由自然因素和人为活动共同造成的。  相似文献   

Assessment of Desert Ecological Assets and Countermeasures for Ecological Compensation     

BAO Yingshuang  CHENG Leilei  LU Qi 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2019,10(1):56-62

Can deserts be transformed into resources, into assets, and further into cash? It is necessary to scientifically assess desert ecological assets and incorporate them into the national economic accounting system and the current evaluation system for socio-economic development. This study will provide a scientific basis and robust data for establishing a target system that is compatible with both ecological civilization and an associated reward and punishment mechanism, as well as for designing and implementing effective compensation policies for desert ecosystems. This paper first defines desert ecological assets, and then develops a framework for assessing them based on the evaluation of desert ecological resources and desert ecosystem services. This framework paves the foundation for quantitatively assessing desert ecological assets and preparing balance sheets of desert ecological assets. Finally, this paper analyzes current policies relating to desert ecological compensation, discusses how to design compensation policies based on assessment of desert ecological assets, and puts forward suggestions for improving current policies.  相似文献   

Net Horizontal Payments for Ecosystem Services: An Application in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region of China     

LIN Yongsheng  GUO Zhixin  ZHENG Yaomin  ZHANG Lirong  HUANG Huabing 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2019,10(1):63-68

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are one kind of important tool for environmental protection, and have been widely studied by international scholars and conservationists. Based various definitions of PES from recent articles, we have outlined four principles for PES: parity, measurability, additionality and conditionality, and then have used these principles to develop a formula to calculate a standard for PES. Finding a way to use PES to achieve a win-win relationship between economic growth and environmental protection in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region (BTHR) is a key task for Chinese government. Synergetic development of BTHR has become a national strategy, like The Belt and Road Initiative. This article employed the formula we developed to calculate the net horizontal PES amounts that each provincial government within BTHR should pay. Our findings show that Beijing should have paid 10.44×10⁹ Yuan (0.4% of Beijing’s GRP) and Tianjin 16.56×10⁹ Yuan (0.93% of Tianjin’s GRP) to Hebei in 2016.  相似文献   

Simulation of site-scale water fluxes in desert and natural oasis ecosystems of the arid region in Northwest China     

Mingjuan Xie  Geping Luo  Olaf Hellwich  Amaury Frankl  Wenqiang Zhang  Chunbo Chen  Chen Zhang  Philippe De Maeyer 《水文研究》2021,35(12):e14444

The study of water fluxes is important to better understand hydrological cycles in arid regions. Data-driven machine learning models have been recently applied to water flux simulation. Previous studies have built site-scale simulation models of water fluxes for individual sites separately, requiring a large amount of data from each site and significant computation time. For arid areas, there is no consensus as to the optimal model and variable selection method to simulate water fluxes. Using data from seven flux observation sites in the arid region of Northwest China, this study compared the performance of random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), back propagation neural network (BPNN), and multiple linear regression (MLR) models in simulating water fluxes. Additionally, the study investigated inter-annual and seasonal variation in water fluxes and the dominant drivers of this variation at different sites. A universal simulation model for water flux was built using the RF approach and key variables as determined by MLR, incorporating data from all sites. Model performance of the SVM algorithm (R² = 0.25–0.90) was slightly worse than that of the RF algorithm (R² = 0.41–0.91); the BPNN algorithm performed poorly in most cases (R² = 0.15–0.88). Similarly, the MLR results were limited and unreliable (R² = 0.00–0.66). Using the universal RF model, annual water fluxes were found to be much higher than the precipitation received at each site, and natural oases showed higher fluxes than desert ecosystems. Water fluxes were highest during the growing season (May–September) and lowest during the non-growing season (October–April). Furthermore, the dominant drivers of water flux variation were various among different sites, but the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil moisture and soil temperature were important at most sites. This study provides useful insights for simulating water fluxes in desert and oasis ecosystems, understanding patterns of variation and the underlying mechanisms. Besides, these results can make a contribution as the decision-making basis to the water management in desert and oasis ecosystems.  相似文献   

老挝省域农业可持续发展水平分异与提升路径     

夏钰  林爱文 《测绘与空间地理信息》2016,(11):79-83

通过构建老挝农业可持续发展水平评价指标体系,运用熵值法和层析分析法计算得出17个省域(直辖市)的人口系统、经济系统、社会系统、资源与环境系统和农业可持续发展水平综合得分,并对老挝省域农业可持续发展水平进行排序和分析。整体而言,中寮各省(直辖市)的农业可持续发展水平最高,下寮次之,上寮较低;老挝省域农业可持续发展水平整体差异不大,高水平和中低水平省域分布较为集中,中高水平和低水平省域相对分散,各等级空间分布形成由3个核心区域向周围递减的态势。最后指出,着力于打造3个核心农业发展区域,发挥其带动作用,并针对不同省域的农业发展状况采取相应措施,是逐步实现老挝农业可持续发展的有效途径之一。  相似文献   

On predicting and improving the quality of Volunteer Geographic Information projects   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Gloria Bordogna  Paola Carrara  Monica Pepe  Anna Rampini 《International Journal of Digital Earth》2016,9(2):134-155

Initiatives that rely upon the contributions of volunteers to reach a specific goal are growing more and more with the success of Web 2.0–interactive applications. Also scientific projects are testing and exploiting volunteers' collaboration, but the quality of information obtained with this approach is often puzzling. This paper offers a rich overview of many scientific projects where geographic contributions are committed to volunteers, to the aim of defining strategies to improve information quality. By describing real examples of Volunteer Geographic Information (VGI), the contribution establishes a categorization based on the characteristics of the information, tasks, and scopes of the projects. After a discussion on the relationships of categories and VGI quality, the paper analyses techniques to improve the quality of volunteered information according to the moment of its assessment (i.e., ex ante, ex post, or both with respect to information creation). The paper outlines the main limitations of the different approaches and indicates some guidelines for future developments.  相似文献