Marginal formation of De Geer moraines and their implications to the dynamics of grounding‐line recession     

Mattias Lindn  Per Mller 《第四纪科学杂志》2005,20(2):113-133

De Geer moraine ridges occur in abundance in the coastal zone of northern Sweden, preferentially in areas with proglacial water depths in excess of 150 m at deglaciation. From detailed sedimentological and structural investigations in machine‐dug trenches across De Geer ridges it is concluded that the moraines formed due to subglacial sediment advection to the ice margin during temporary halts in grounding‐line retreat, forming gradually thickening sediment wedges. The proximal part of the moraines were built up in submarginal position as stacked sequences of deforming bed diamictons, intercalated with glaciofluvial canal‐infill sediments, whereas the distal parts were built up from the grounding line by prograding sediment gravity‐flow deposits, distally interfingering with glaciolacustrine sediments. The rapid grounding‐line retreat (ca. 400 m yr^?1) was driven by rapid calving, in turn enhanced by fast iceflow and marginal thinning of ice due to deforming bed conditions. The spatial distribution of the moraine ridges indicates stepwise retreat of the grounding line. It is suggested that this is due to slab and flake calving of the ice cliff above the waterline, forming a gradually widening subaqueous ice ledge which eventually breaks off to a new grounding line, followed by regained sediment delivery and ridge build‐up. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

金沙江下段河槽地貌特征与地貌过程^*   总被引：11，自引：9，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

葛兆帅  刘庆友  胥勤勉  李会中  薛果夫  梅应堂  徐永辉 《第四纪研究》2006,26(3):421-428

文章利用金沙江河谷地貌调查与水利工程选址勘察地质资料,根据河槽纵剖面与18个河谷横剖面的资料以及攀枝花金江河段、会理鱼鲊河段、元谋龙街河段、禄劝凹嘎河段的阶地调查结果,对金沙江下段河槽地貌进行了初步分析,金沙江下段的河谷为典型的深切"V"形河谷,在虎跳峡、乌东德、白鹤滩峡谷段河槽比降发生明显变化。根据河谷阶地下切幅度与形成时代,以T₃阶地计算金沙江下段河槽平均下切速率达到0.71~1.18m/ka,以T₂阶地计算金沙江下段河槽平均下切速率为0.75~1.36m/ka,因此,近十几万年来,金沙江下段河谷平均下切速率达到0.9~1.0m/ka。现代金沙江河槽底部均堆积了一定厚度的冲积-崩积物覆盖层,最厚的石鼓剖面河床底部冲积物盖层达到173m,一般河段堆积物盖层均达10m以上。金沙江河槽的迁移是河槽下切过程与岸坡崩塌过程综合作用的结果,形成原河槽崩塌阻塞,河槽被动迁移或原河槽改道下切,形成古河槽-离堆山-新河槽的地貌组合,以及河槽侧向迁移3种模式。  相似文献   

提高生态浮床系统脱氮除磷效率研究进展   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

汪开英  郑水生  郭宗楼  徐文彬 《湿地科学》2012,10(1):116-120

生态浮床系统处理技术因具有投资少、易操作、无二次污染兼具良好景观性等优点而被广泛应用于各种类型污染水体的治理。生态浮床系统是一个复合生态工程系统,其对污染的去除机理是一个错综复杂的过程,填料、水生植物、水生动物和微生物共同发挥着重要作用。主要概述生态浮床系统的发展状况、脱氮除磷机理、限制因素及存在问题;重点概述以细菌固定化技术和曝气等方式的外在法和以改进生态浮床系统构造形式、筛选优势浮床植物等方式的内在法,来提高生态浮床系统脱氮除磷效率;展望了生态浮床污水处理系统未来的研究与应用前景。  相似文献   

酸不溶物对碳酸盐岩风化壳发育程度的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

冯志刚  王世杰  刘秀明  罗维均 《地质学报》2009,83(6):885-893

通过对贵州岩溶区（包括湘西）不同地层系统碳酸盐岩发育的红色风化壳、以及结合本区和处于同一气候带的邻区不同岩类红色风化壳的对比研究,结果表明：（1）碳酸盐岩红色风化壳的发育程度明显受基岩酸不溶物成分的控制,酸不溶物的风化成熟度越高,红色风化壳的发育程度一般也越强。由于不同地层系统碳酸盐岩的酸不溶物组成不同,在此基础上发育的红色风化壳的风化强度自然存在着差异;（2）风化壳相对于母岩的进一步风化潜力或空间,随着基岩酸不溶物风化成熟度的增大而降低,从而更容易达到风化平衡;（3）在碳酸盐岩风化壳突变的岩-土界面,伴随碳酸盐的充分淋失、酸不溶物的地球化学指标发生了突变。因此,碳酸盐的溶解不但未阻滞和延缓了硅酸盐组分的分解,而且促进其快速风化。（4）在达到高岭石化甚至弱红土化阶段的酸不溶物基础上,发育的风化壳比结晶岩类风化壳具有更高的风化起点,也就表现出更高的风化强度。因此,笼统地把碳酸盐岩风化壳看作是弱于玄武岩及花岗岩等结晶岩类风化壳发育程度的弱风化类型是不妥的。  相似文献   

Correlation of Aptian-Albian sediments in the central part of North Caucasus and Ciscaucasia. Paper 2: Stratigraphy     

K. V. Enson 《Moscow University Geology Bulletin》2009,64(4):256-261

A complex correlation between outcrops and well sections was performed for the central part of North Caucasus and Ciscaucasia using geophysical, biostratigraphic, and lithostratigraphic methods with new substage and zonal division of the Aptian and Albian sediments taken into account. Previously recognized local subsidiary stratigraphic units (members) were traced into the covered areas, and the stratigraphic position of productive layers was specified.  相似文献   

海洋沉积物中的钒、钼、铊、镓及其环境指示意义   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

段丽琴  宋金明  许思思 《地质论评》2009,55(3):420-427

研究探讨沉积物中钒、钼、铊和镓的生物地球化学行为对揭示海洋环境演变机制有重要的科学意义,基于此考虑,本文系统分析总结了近年来海洋沉积物中V、Mo、Tl和Ga的地球化学特征以及与环境关系的研究进展,以期对深入开展环境敏感微量元素的海洋生物地球化学有所裨益。结果表明,由于受人为输入的影响,近海沉积物中V、Mo、Tl和Ga含量高于远海,河口高于近海;在表层沉积物中,细颗粒沉积物中V、Mo、Tl和Ga含量高于粗颗粒中的,且其含量与物源、有机质含量等沉积环境因素密切相关;在垂直分布上,随沉积物深度的增加,V、Mo、Tl和Ga含量趋于降低,表明近几十年来,随人为影响的加剧,海洋作为地球上物质的汇获得了比以前更多的V、Mo、Tl和Ga。由此可见,在水平方向上,海洋沉积物中V、Mo、Tl和Ga的丰度可表明输入物源的特性,而在柱状样中的垂直分布,则能够表征历史年代上V、Mo、Tl和Ga沉积量的差异。由于沉积物中V、Mo、Tl和Ga的性质比较稳定,它们在一定程度上可以揭示和表征海洋环境演变的讯息,追溯海洋环境演变的历史以及预测将来的发展趋向。  相似文献   

The active layer in gravel-bed rivers: An empirical appraisal     

D. Vázquez-Tarrío  G. Piqué  D. Vericat  R.J. Batalla 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(2):323-343

The vertical position of the streambed–water boundary fluctuates during the course of sediment transport episodes, due to particle entrainment/deposition and bedform migration, amongst other hydraulic and bedload mechanisms. These vertical oscillations define a topmost stratum of the streambed (i.e. the ‘active layer or active depth’), which usually represents the main source of particles entrained during long and high-magnitude bedload transport episodes. The vertical extent of this layer is hence a capital parameter for the quantification of bedload volumes and a major driver of stream ecology in gravel-bed rivers. However, knowledge on how the active depth scales to flow strength and the nature of the different controls on the relation between the flow strength and the active depth is still scarce. In this paper we present a meta-analysis over active depth data coming from ~130 transport episodes extracted from a series of published field studies. We also incorporate our own field data for the rivers Ebro and Muga (unpublished), both in the Iberian Peninsula. We explore the database searching for the influence of flow strength, grain size, streambed mobility and channel morphology on the vertical extent of the active layer. A multivariate statistical analysis (stepwise multiple regression) confirms that the set of selected variables explains a significant amount of variance in the compiled variables. The analysis shows a positive scaling between active depth and flow strength. We have also identified some links between the active depth and particle travel distances. However, these relations are also largely modulated by other fluvial drivers, such as the grain size of the bed surface and the dominant channel macro-bedforms, with remarkable differences between plane-bed, step-pool and riffle-pool channels. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A new portable in situ flume for measuring critical shear stress on river beds     

Cheng He  James Nodwell Taylor  Quintin Rochfort  David Nguyen 《国际泥沙研究》2021,36(2):235-242

A new portable in situ flume(PISF)for measuring critical bed shear stress(CBSS)was developed in this study.The PISF consists of an open bottom sediment erosion chamber and an electrically-driven pump.Unlike most existing in situ flumes with similar designs,the new PISF does not rely on monitoring the flow conditions or particle density in the sediment erosion chamber;instead,it is a pre-calibrated flume.The calibration was performed by first determining CBSS of various selected sediment samples of known particle size and density(using the law of the wall),based on flow velocity-depth profiles measured in a 6 m straight open-channel flume using a Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV)system.These same particles of known CBSS were then used in the new in-situ flume under controlled lab conditions to obtain a series of calibration curves of CBSS vs.pump electrical power.A wide variety of particle types and sizes(simulated sediments)were used in this two-step calibration procedure to widen CBSS measurement range and simulate cohesive force effects.The size of the PISF is much smaller and more practical than other similar devices as lamellar flow conditions are not required and it can be applied to a wide range of sediment types including cohesive sediments.  相似文献   

A 2D well-balanced,coupled model of water flow,sediment transport,and bed evolution based on unstructured grids with efficient variable storage strategy     

Zhiyuan Yue  Qingquan Liu  Wei Huang  Peng Hu  Zhixian Cao 《国际泥沙研究》2021,36(1):151-160

In recent decades,a few Godunov-type,finite volume two-dimensional(2D)unstructured grid,coupled flow,and sediment models(GF2DUCM)have been developed for flows over erodible beds.These kinds of models are generally analyzed as a Vertex Model(VM)that define topography at the cell vertex,which can lead to the non-conservation of mass regarding flow,sediment,and bed evolution.Here,a full cellcantered variable storage method(Central Model or CM)is applied as the solution of the GF2DUCM.In this method,terrain elevation is defined at the cell centroids;this accurately describes the physical relations between the water depth and topography deformation.This approach can fully eliminate calculation errors in topography deformation at local cells caused by the interpolation of topography deformation at the cell vertex,and reduced uncertainty in the computation of the GF2DUCM.The model performance is systematically tested using a series of laboratory experiments,which demonstrate the mass conservation feature and high accuracy in reproducing hydrodynamic and morphological processes.  相似文献   

粤西金矿床成矿地球化学研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

黄栋林 《地质找矿论丛》2004,19(1):24-29

粤西金矿床分为构造蚀变岩型、石英脉型和变质岩型.赋金地层主要为云开群上亚群和寒武系八村群,它们具有较高的含金丰度,可作为本区金的矿源层.在区域变质或混合岩化作用下,矿源层中的金可能发生活化、转移并在局部富集.海西-印支期花岗岩有继承变质岩、混合岩的特征,分异演化程度不高,这对金成矿有利.  相似文献