Topographic thresholds for plant colonization on semi‐arid eroded slopes     

E. Bochet  P. García‐Fayos  J. Poesen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(13):1758-1771

Soil erosion plays an important role in plant colonization of semi‐arid degraded areas. In this study, we aimed at deepening our knowledge of the mechanisms that control plant colonization on semi‐arid eroded slopes in east Spain by (i) determining topographic thresholds for plant colonization, (ii) identifying the soil properties limiting plant establishment and (iii) assessing whether colonizing species have specific plant traits to cope with these limitations. Slope angle and aspect were surrogates of erosion rate and water availability, respectively. Since soil erosion and water availability can limit plant establishment and both can interact in the landscape, we analysed variations in colonization success (vegetation cover and species number) with slope angle on 156 slopes, as a function of slope aspect. After determining slope angle thresholds for plant colonization, soil was sampled near the threshold values for soil analysis [nitrogen, phosphorous, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), water holding capacity]. Plant traits expressing the plant colonizing capacity were analysed both in the pool of species colonizing the steep slopes just below the threshold and in the pool of species inhabiting gentler slopes and absent from the slopes just below the threshold. Results show that the slope angle threshold for plant colonization decreased from north to south. For the vegetation cover, threshold values were 63°, 50°, 46°, 41° for the north, east, west and south slope aspect classes, respectively, and 65°, 53°, 49° and 45° for the species richness and the same aspect classes. No differences existed in soil properties at slope angle threshold values among slope aspects and between slope positions (just below and above the threshold) within slope aspect classes. This suggests that variations between slope aspect classes in the slope angle threshold result from differences in the colonizing capacity of plants which is controlled by water availability. Long‐distance dispersal and mucilage production were preferably associated with the pool of colonizing species. These results are discussed in the perspective of a more efficient ecological restoration of degraded semi‐arid ecosystems where soil erosion acts as an ecological filter for plant establishment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

数学形态学在地震信号处理中的应用研究   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

陈辉  郭科  胡英 《地球物理学进展》2009,24(6):1995-2002

数学形态学是一门新兴科学,它建立在严格的数学理论基础之上,是研究数字信号（图像）形态结构特征及其快速并行处理方法的理论,已经成功应用于图像处理、医学信号处理和语音信号处理等领域.地震信号去噪处理和裂缝检测的研究一直都是地质学家和油气藏工程学家感兴趣的问题.本文将数学形态学与地震信号处理相结合,重点探讨了数学形态学在地震信号处理中的应用,针对地震信号的特点,设计了形态滤波器,应用于合成地震资料,得到了理想的结果.在此基础上,本文研究并构造了形态学边缘检测算子,通过理论和实际资料检验,该方法具有良好适用性.以上研究表明,基于形态学的地震信号处理是可行的,具有推广应用前景.  相似文献   

金矿遥感异常信息自动提取方法研究及其应用   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  

朱嘉伟  张天义  盛吉虎 《国土资源遥感》1996,7(4):45-50

在豫西熊耳山地区地物反射波谱特征研究的基础上,提出了一种从TM数据中自动提取金矿遥感异常信息(近矿围岩蚀变信息及植被毒化信息)的新方法。该方法消除了在围岩蚀变信息或植被毒化信息提取过程中,由于植被覆盖程度的差异对矿化信息提取的影响,因而适于植被覆盖程度不同的任何地区,在豫西熊耳山地区试验应用中取得了良好的金矿找矿效果。  相似文献   

Beach Morphodynamics influenced by an ebb‐tidal delta on the north Florida Atlantic coast          下载免费PDF全文

Peter N. Adams  Katherine Malone Keough  Maitane Olabarrieta 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(7):936-950

Tidal inlets interrupt longshore sediment transport, thereby exerting an influence on adjacent beach morphology. To investigate the details and spatial extent of an inlet's influence, we examine beach topographic change along a 1.5 km coastal reach adjacent to Matanzas Inlet, on the Florida Atlantic coast. Analyses of beach morphology reveal a behavioral change between 0.64 and 0.86 km from the inlet channel centerline, interpreted to represent the spatial extent of inlet influence. Beyond this boundary, the beach is narrow, exhibits a statistically significant inverse correlation of shoreline position with offshore wave conditions, and has a uniform alongshore pattern in temporal behavior, as determined from empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. On the inlet side of the boundary, the beach experiences monotonic widening (with proximity to the inlet), lacks spatial consistency in correlation between shoreline position and wave conditions, and exhibits an irregular pattern in spatial EOF modes. We augment the field observations with numerical modeling that provides calculations of wave setup and nearshore current patterns near the inlet, highlighting the effects of the ebb‐tidal delta on the assailing waves. The modeling results are verified by a natural experiment that occurred during May 2009, when a storm‐produced sedimentary mass accreted to the lower beach, then subsequently split into two oppositely directed waves of sediment that migrated away from the initial accretion site in the subsequent months. Our results suggest that the ebb‐tidal delta produces a pattern of wave setup that creates a pressure gradient driving an alongshore flow that opposes the longshore currents derived from breaking of obliquely oriented incident waves. The resulting recirculation pattern on the margin of the ebb‐tidal delta provides a mechanism through which the inlet influences adjacent barrier island beach morphology. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Quantifying the Morphological Print of Bedload Transport          下载免费PDF全文

Alain Recking  Guillaume Piton  Daniel Vazquez‐Tarrio  Gary Parker 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(6):809-822

Bedload and river morphology interact in a strong feedback manner. Bedload conditions the development of river morphology along different space and time scales; however, by concentrating the flow in preferential paths, a given morphology controls bedload for a given discharge. As bedload is a non‐linear response of shear stress, local morphology is likely to have a strong impact on bedload prediction when the shear stress is averaged over the section, as is usually done. This was investigated by comparing bedload measured in different bed morphologies (step‐pool, plane bed, riffle‐pool, braiding, and sand beds), with bedload measured in narrow flumes in the absence of any bed form, used here as a reference. The initial methodology consisted of fitting a bedload equation to the flume data. Secondly, the morphological signature of each river was studied as the distance to this referent equation. It was concluded that each morphology affects bedload in a different way. For a given average grain shear stress, the larger the river, the larger the deviation from the flume transport. Narrow streams are those morphologies that behave more like flumes; this is particularly true with flat beds, whereas results deviate from flumes to a greater extent in step‐pools. The riffle‐pool's morphology impacts bedload at different levels depending on the degree of bar development, considered here through the ratio D₈₄/D₅₀ which is used as a proxy for the local bed patchiness and morphology. In braiding rivers morphological effects are important but difficult to assess because width is dependent on transport rate. Bed morphology was found to have negligible effects in sand bed rivers where the Shields stress is usually sufficiently high to minimize the non‐linearity effects when hydraulics is averaged over the section. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

设定琉球海沟发生罕遇地震评估我国东南沿海地区的海啸风险          下载免费PDF全文

温燕林  于海英  朱艾斓  宋治平  李春峰 《地震工程学报》2016,38(2):285-291,317

根据构造相似条件分析,琉球海沟与日本海沟、智利海沟、印尼巽他海沟一样具备发生9级罕遇超巨大地震的可能。在对近几年来全球发生的超巨大地震参数及构造对比分析的基础上,设定琉球海沟9.0级地震参数,并将其引发的海啸进行数值模拟研究。结果表明,该地震可引发初始波高为8m的海啸,台湾东北部半小时后遭受10m以上海啸,3~4小时左右传至浙南、闽北沿岸,近岸各处波高在1~2m;5小时左右传至浙北、粤北沿岸,浙江近岸各处波高在2m左右,广东沿海、台湾海峡由于台湾岛的正面阻挡,海啸波高低于50cm;8小时后靠近上海海岸线,最大波高约1m。海啸的上岸高度与海岸附近的海深和海岸线的形态密切相关,我国东南海域地形变化复杂、海湾众多,对海啸波有放大作用,模拟结果可能比实际海啸偏小。我国沿海地区分布着不少已建和在建的核电厂,在核电设计时未考虑海啸,一旦发生这种罕遇地震海啸则影响不可忽视,尤其是若与风暴潮、天文大潮叠加则可能出现严重后果。由于核电安全要求万无一失,故须制订有效预警和应对措施。  相似文献   

面状发震构造在地震构造法中的应用：以大姚—姚安发震构造鉴定为例     

李金臣 《中国地震研究》2014,28(1):91-105

In seismic hazard analysis of nuclear power plant of China there is a need to identify both seismogenic structures and seismotectonic zones. In past practice, the identification of the seismogenic structures was often based on the surface active faults and characterization of linear seismic source. In a situation which shows quite strong non-random seismic activity and lacks surface active faults, it is difficult to evaluate the seismic hazard reasonably. Taking seismogenic structures in the Dayao-Yao＇an area as a case study in this paper, we discuss the need and the possibility to apply the planar seismogenic structure to the seismotectonic method. We suggest that the planar seismogenic structure should be considered when applying the seismotectonic method to the seismic risk assessment of nuclear engineering in future.  相似文献   

新疆北天山泥火山固体喷出物特征及成因机制初探   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

杨晓芳  于红梅  赵波  许建东  高小其  张涛 《地震地质》2014,36(1):123-136

北天山泥火山位于新疆天山北麓山前拗陷带内,均处在背斜褶皱的轴部。在了解泥火山的地质背景、活动现状的基础上,对该区泥火山进行了详细的野外考察,对所采样品进行粒度、显微形貌及成分分析。研究发现:该区域的泥火山样品粒径主要集中在0.3~100μm,平均值相近,分选较差,分布对称性呈极正偏。矿物颗粒以石英、长石为主,基质为黏土矿物,白杨沟和艾其沟样品中均含有铁矿物质。根据上述分析结果对北天山泥火山成因机制进行了初步探讨,认为该区域的泥火山物源相同,泥浆最深来源于下中侏罗统,地层压力以构造活动为主。目前泥火山处于弱活动期,短期内造成较大灾害的可能性很小。  相似文献   

Responses of Ruderal Verbascum olympicum Boiss. (Scrophulariaceae) Growing under Cadmium Stress          下载免费PDF全文

Hülya Arslan  Gürcan Güleryüz  Ayşegül Akpınar  Serap Kırmızı  Ümran Seven Erdemir  Şeref Güçer 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2014,42(6):824-835

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耕地转型的研究路径探讨   总被引：15，自引：2，他引：13  

宋小青  吴志峰  欧阳竹 《地理研究》2014,33(3):403-413

当前,土地利用转型研究总体上处于“描述-解释”阶段,高度集中在森林转型研究领域及空间形态研究路径。学术界亟须推动土地利用转型研究向科学调控阶段发展。对此,本文尝试提出耕地转型的研究路径,以期带动土地利用转型研究领域向半人工半自然复合土地系统乃至人工土地系统拓展、研究路径向非空间形态延伸。耕地转型诊断可以从空间形态转型与功能形态转型两条路径开展。其中,前一路径关注耕地的空间分布及其收缩与扩张,可以从耕地数量变化或格局变化视角开展研究;后一路径关注耕地功能的变化过程,可以从外部性或政策演进视角开展研究。由社会-生态负反馈驱动的耕地功能形态转型,主导着由社会-经济动态驱动的耕地空间形态转型进程。据此,作者构建了耕地转型调控框架及其层次分析体系。  相似文献