A new approach for linking event‐based upland sediment sources to downstream suspended sediment transport     

Peng Gao  James Puckett 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2012,37(2):169-179

In this study, we proposed a new approach for linking event sediment sources to downstream sediment transport in a watershed in central New York. This approach is based on a new concept of spatial scale, sub‐watershed area (SWA), defined as a sub‐watershed within which all eroded soils are transported out without deposition during a hydrological event. Using (rainfall) event data collected between July and November, 2007 from several SWAs of the studied watershed, we developed an empirical equation that has one independent variable, mean SWA slope. This equation was then used to determine event‐averaged unit soil erosion rate, Q_S/A, (in kg/km²/hr) for all SWAs in the studied watershed and calculate event‐averaged gross erosion E_ea (in kg/hr). The event gross erosion E_t (in kilograms) was subsequently computed as the product of E_ea and the mean event duration, T (in hours) determined using event hydrographs at the outlet of the studied watershed. Next, we developed two linear sediment rating curves (SRCs) for small and big events based on the event data obtained at the watershed outlet. These SRCs, together with T, allowed us to determine event sediment yield SY_e (in kilograms) for all events during the study period. By comparing E_t with SY_e, developing empirical equations (i) between E_t and SY_e and (ii) for event sediment delivery ratio, respectively, we revealed the event dynamic processes connecting sediment sources and downstream sediment transport. During small events, sediment transport in streams was at capacity and dominated by the deposition process, whereas during big events, it was below capacity and controlled by the erosion process. The key of applying this approach to other watersheds is establishing their empirical equations for Q_S/A and appropriately determining their numbers of SWAs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Conceptual modelling to assess how the interplay of hydrological connectivity,catchment storage and tracer dynamics controls nonstationary water age estimates   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Christian Birkel  Chris Soulsby  Doerthe Tetzlaff 《水文研究》2015,29(13):2956-2969

Although catchment storage is an intrinsic control on the rainfall–runoff response of streams, direct measurement remains a major challenge. Coupled models that integrate long‐term hydrometric and isotope tracer data are useful tools that can provide insights into the dynamics of catchment storage and the volumes of water involved. In this study, we use a tracer‐aided hydrological model to characterize catchment storage as a dynamic control on system function related to streamflow generation, which also allows direct estimation of the nonstationarity of water ages. We show that in a wet Scottish upland catchment dominated by runoff generation from riparian peats (histosols) with high water storage, nonstationarity in water age distributions is only clearly detectable during more extreme wet and dry periods. This is explained by the frequency and longevity of hydrological connectivity and the associated relative importance of flow paths contributing younger or older waters to the stream. Generally, these saturated riparian soils represent large mixing zones that buffer the time variance of water age and integrate catchment‐scale partial mixing processes. Although storage simulations depend on model performance, which is influenced by input variability and the degree of isotopic damping in the stream, a longer‐term storage analysis of this model indicates a system that is only sensitive to more extreme hydroclimatic variability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A GIS-Based Tool for Representing Larval Dispersal for Marine Reserve Selection     

Douglas T. Fischer  J. Wilson White  Louis W. Botsford  John Largier  David M. Kaplan 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):489-513

Increasing efforts to implement marine protected areas (MPAs) as a means of managing marine ecosystems have created a need for evaluating potential spatial management plans. Almost all marine populations are metapopulations, connected reproductively by the dispersal of pelagic larvae. Models of marine population dynamics must account for larval connectivity, but despite recent advances connectivity patterns are still poorly understood. To allow more informed decision making when complete information on dispersal is lacking, we have developed a method based on geographic information systems (GIS) for representing larval dispersal distributions based on bathymetry and typical flows in the coastal ocean. These distributions reflect (1) generally greater flow in directions along, rather than across, lines of constant bathymetry and (2) lesser flow in shallow near-shore waters. We demonstrate how to parameterize this two-dimensional method for depicting larval dispersal based on comparisons to local oceanographic data. We then compare the predictions of the two-dimensional method to those of a simpler one-dimensional alternative in a population model used to evaluate proposed MPAs along the coast of central California. The method produces reasonable larval dispersal patterns and appears to include the effects of bathymetry on population dynamics better than commonly used one-dimensional methods and without requiring the significantly greater investment of developing particle-tracking circulation models. An important advantage of a two-dimensional approach is more realistic portrayal of the dependence of population persistence on the cross-shelf dimension of available habitat.  相似文献   

Integrating landscape connectivity into the evaluation of ecosystem services for biodiversity conservation and its implications for landscape planning     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2013

This paper examines the integration of landscape connectivity and ecosystem services. It is based on the assumption that if a habitat within a landscape has a more significant role in connecting with other habitats, it would have a higher ecosystem services value for biodiversity conservation. The Shenzhen River watershed, a cross-border region shared by the city of Shenzhen and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in China, was used as a case study. An area-based functional connectivity index, known as the possibility of connectivity (PC), was implemented to examine the temporal and spatial dynamics of the value of ecosystem services for biodiversity conservation over the period from 1988 to 2008. To evaluate the effectiveness of the PC index, a comparison was made between the conventional assessment method for ecosystem services and the proposed method. Results suggest that our proposed method can identify significant reduction of ecosystem services that was not only due to the decrease of habitat size, but also caused by the damage of connectivity among habitat patches. Also, it can identify sites which should have a high priority in restoring the ecosystem services for biodiversity conservation. In conclusion, this study provides a way to consider landscape connectivity in the evaluation of ecosystem services which is essential for landscape planning and nature conservation.  相似文献   

中国铁路客运网络可达性空间格局   总被引：13，自引：6，他引：7  

吴威  曹有挥  梁双波  曹卫东 《地理研究》2009,28(5):1389-1400

基于铁路客运的基本特点,文章采用空间距离、时间距离、连接性、可选择性等多项指标对我国铁路客运网络可达性空间格局进行了分析。各项指标侧重点不同导致其反映的空间格局的明显差异。空间、时间距离指标均呈现以郑州为核心的中心－外围格局,但前者由中心向外围呈环状各向同性衰减,后者表现为各向异性,沿若干铁路干线衰减速度较慢; 连接性指标中东部地区优于西部,中心地区优于边缘,而可选择性指标东西分异显著,京广线以东(含京广沿线)地区明显优于西部地区。从空间均衡角度,主要体现铁路客运基本服务的空间距离、时间距离、连接性三指标相对较好,但偏重于高级服务的可选择性空间分布相对不均衡。主要铁路枢纽中,北京、上海、郑州、武汉等全国性铁路枢纽可达性明显优于广州、成都、兰州和沈阳等区域性枢纽。  相似文献   

井资料高分辨率层序地层学   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

谢寅符  李洪奇  孙中春  罗兴平 《地球科学》2006,31(2):237-244

在准层序中进行层组一级地层单元的识别和对比是高分辨率层序地层学研究的主要难点.提出了一种综合应用井资料进行层组界面识别和对比的新方法.通过测井曲线形态特征、岩心观察、铸体薄片、X衍射、扫描电镜分析、FMI测井资料, 对工区内钙质夹层成因、泥岩电阻率差异、储层电阻率和海拔深度关系进行了研究.结果表明: 钙质夹层单层厚度在0.5~2m之间, 靠近风化壳和断层位置单层厚度大, 分布在水下分支河道底部和河口坝顶部; 低阻泥岩(4~5Ω·m)和高阻泥岩(> 10Ω·m) 分别来源于不同的沉积物源或者形成于不同的沉积相带; 储层电阻率随着海拔深度的增加而增加.因此, 钙质夹层可以作为层组界面识别和对比的标志, 利用泥岩电阻率差异可以确定层组的叠置关系, 判断储层连通性.据此, 建立了准噶尔盆地石南地区西山窑组含油层段等时地层格架, 确定了格架内储层的连通性及油水界面, 并且通过MDT测井资料进行了验证.在此等时地层格架内, 层组的发育顺序、叠置关系、空间展布形态、以及彼此之间的连通性都被定性、定量的表征出来.   相似文献   

Isotope hydrology of a tropical coffee agroforestry watershed: Seasonal and event‐based analyses          下载免费PDF全文

Kristen Welsh  Olivier Roupsard 《水文研究》2018,32(13):1965-1977

Stable isotope variations are extremely useful for flow partitioning within the hydrologic cycle but remain poorly understood throughout the tropics, particularly in watersheds with rapidly infiltrating soils, such as Andisols in Central America. This study examines the fluctuations of stable isotope ratios (δ¹⁸O and δ²H) in the hydrologic components of a tropical coffee agroforestry watershed (~1 km²) with Andisol soils in Costa Rica. Samples were collected in precipitation, groundwater, springs, and stream water over 2 years. The local meteoric water line for the study site was δ²H = 8.5 δ¹⁸O + 18.02 (r² = 0.97, n = 198). The isotope ratios in precipitation exhibited an enriched trend during the dry season and a notable depletion at the beginning of the wet season. The δ¹⁸O compositions in groundwater (average = ?6.4‰, σ = 0.7) and stream water (average = ?6.7‰, σ = 0.6) were relatively stable over time, and both components exhibited more enriched values in 2013, which was the drier year. No strong correlation was observed between the isotope ratios and the precipitation amount at the event or daily time‐step, but a correlation was observed on a monthly scale. Stream water and base flow hydrograph separations based on isotope end‐member estimations showed that pre‐event water originating from base flow was prevalent. However, isotope data indicate that event water originating from springs appears to have been the primary driver of initial rises in stream flow and peak flows. These results indicate that isotope sampling improves the understanding of water balance components, even in a tropical humid location, where significant variations in rainfall challenge current modelling efforts. Further research using fine‐scale hydrometric and isotopic data would enhance understanding the processes driving spring flow generation in watersheds.  相似文献   

Factors affecting dominant peak-flow runoff-generation mechanisms among five neighbouring granitic headwater catchments     

Kenta Iwasaki  Masanori Katsuyama  Makoto Tani 《水文研究》2020,34(5):1154-1166

We examined how and why dominant peak-flow runoff-generation mechanisms differ among neighbouring headwater catchments. We monitored runoff and groundwater levels and performed terrain analyses in a granitic second-order catchment and its four neighbouring subcatchments in the Kiryu Experimental Watershed in Japan. Our analysis of lag times from peak rainfall to peak runoff suggests differences in the dominant peak-flow runoff-generation mechanisms among the five catchments. For two of the three zero-order catchments, with few perennial groundwater bodies, subsurface flow from hillslopes was the dominant mechanism at some events. However, the dominant mechanisms were channel precipitation and riparian runoff at almost all events in first- and second-order catchments and in the third zero-order catchment, which has a large perennial groundwater body over a bedrock depression in the riparian zone. In this zero-order catchment, the quick-flow ratio was the smallest of the five catchments because subsurface flow from the hillslope was buffered at the riparian zone. These facts suggest that the channel length, riparian buffering, and hillslope connectivity were the factors governing the different dominant peak-flow runoff-generation mechanisms among the catchments. Riparian buffering was affected, not only by surface topography, but also by bedrock topography and bedrock groundwater (BGW) dynamics. Our findings indicate that both of BGW dynamics and topography are important for catchment classification, and the relative importance of topography increases with the change from baseflow to stormflow. Furthermore, mismatching between a geographic source and a flow path resulted in different catchment classifications depending on the approach. Therefore, multiple approaches during both baseflow and stormflow periods are necessary for catchment classification to apply information obtained from one headwater catchment to other headwater catchments within the same region.  相似文献   

Streamflow permanence in headwater streams across four geomorphic provinces in Northern California     

Adam A. Pate  Catalina Segura  Kevin D. Bladon 《水文研究》2020,34(23):4487-4504

Mountainous headwater streams represent a substantial proportion of the global stream network. These small streams may flow episodically, seasonally, or perennially, providing diverse values and services. Given their broad importance and growing pressures on terrestrial and aquatic resources, we must improve our understanding of the drivers of flow permanence to facilitate informed land and water management decisions. We used field observations from >10 cross-sections in each of 101 non-fish bearing, headwater streams across four geomorphic provinces in Northern California to quantify flow permanence and network connectivity during the summer low flow period in 2018. At each stream cross-section, we noted the presence or absence of streamflow and used this information to classify streams as perennial (continuous streamflow in all cross-sections) or non-perennial and connected (surface water in the most downstream cross-section) or disconnected. At each cross-section, we also quantified channel size (width and depth) and grain size. We coupled field observations with geospatial data of catchment physiography, hydrology, and climate in random forest models to investigate controls of flow permanence and network connectivity. Potential drivers of flow permanence or network connectivity included in our models were channel geometry, grain size, slope, aspect, elevation, annual and seasonal precipitation, air temperature, and topographic wetness index. We found more perennial streams in the Klamath Mountains and Sierra Nevada than in the Cascades and N. Coast regions. Streams in the Klamath were the most connected followed by streams in the N. Coast, Sierra Nevada, and Cascades. The most important variables for predicting flow permanence were channel grain size, winter 2018 precipitation, and drainage area. Comparatively, the most important variables for predicting network connectivity were winter and spring 2018 precipitation, grain size, and bankfull depth. Our study illustrated the complexity of the processes that drive flow permanence and highlighted the uncertainty in projecting the precense of water in streams across diverse regions.  相似文献   

Seasonal mixing from intermittent flow drives concentration-discharge behaviour in a stream affected by coal mine drainage     

Meaghan Shaw  Lindsey Yazbek  David Singer  Elizabeth Herndon 《水文研究》2020,34(17):3669-3682

Abandoned mining operations continue to severely degrade many ecosystems worldwide by releasing acidic water and/or heavy metals into surface and groundwater. Contaminant concentrations in affected streams vary with discharge in patterns that reflect both geochemical reactions and variable mixing of contaminated and non-contaminated waters. However, controls on concentration-discharge (C-Q) patterns remain unclear, particularly for constituents that experience changing solubility across redox and pH gradients. Understanding the C-Q behaviour of contaminants aids in predicting both downstream transport and effects on aquatic life under variable flow. Here, we examined the C-Q behaviours of non-reactive (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl⁻) and reactive (Fe, Mn, Al, H⁺, SO₄²⁻) solutes in a stream contaminated with acid mine drainage in northeastern Ohio, USA. Concentration-discharge patterns at the watershed outlet primarily reflected mixing of contaminated baseflow with intermittent inputs of high pH water draining from a passive limestone treatment system into the stream. The treatment system acted as an ephemeral tributary that mitigated contamination in the stream by diluting solutes, raising pH, and driving metal precipitation, but only when flow was present during wet seasons. Consequently, AMD-derived reactive solutes (H⁺, Fe, Mn, Al) decreased with increasing stream discharge while relatively conservative solutes (e.g., Ca, Mg, K, Na) decreased only slightly or were chemostatic. This study highlights both the unique C-Q patterns of reactive solutes when compared to those of non-reactive solutes and the potential for intermittent streams to control C-Q behaviour in headwater catchments.  相似文献