Incipient vortex size-dependent evolution of tropical disturbances Part II — Some governing processes     

R. Koteswar Rao  P. Goswami 《Journal of Earth System Science》1994,103(4):449-468

Recently it was shown (Goswami and Rao 1993) that the process of intensification of tropical disturbances depends on the size of the incipient vortex in a rather nonlinear fashion. Among vortices of size ranging from 100 to 450 km (radius), embedded in the same large scale condition, it is the vortex with size about 250 km that intensifies to the most severe system. These results also showed a strong correspondence between the maximum intensity reached and the initial (3–6 hour) low level convergence field near the centre. The purpose of the present work is to identify the process(es) responsible for this scale selective intensification of tropical disturbances. It is proposed that diffusion is likely to play a crucial role in bringing about this selective intensification. In the present work a series of experiments with an axisymmetric numerical model of tropical cyclone (Wada’s model) is carried out to determine the relative roles of horizontal diffusion of momentum, moisture, heat and vertical diffusion. The results show that diffusion significantly affects the process of intensification and scale selection. While moderate diffusion does not alter the magnitude of intensification significantly, the scale selection is quite sensitive to the strength of diffusion. Interestingly, these diffusion processes, of momentum, moisture, heat and vertical do not affect the scale selection in the same fashion. The scale selection process turns out to be a result of a combined effect of these diffusion processes. However, no single diffusion process alone can give rise to a sharp selection of scale at the size of 250 km.  相似文献   

氟硼酸根离子选择性电极测定沉积物中的硼          下载免费PDF全文

张秀梅 《地质科学》1988,(1):92-96

本文建立了氟硼酸根离子选择性电极测定沉积物中的硼。在建立本方法过程中,做了各种干扰条件实验,得到了满意的分析结果。实验中不用溴甲酚绿,效果很好,可延长电极寿命。实验证明,本法较比色法简单、快速、干扰少,而且不需大型仪器设备,可测定0.000x—0.x%的硼。  相似文献   

一种具有SA预报能力的GPS KALMAN滤波器     

朱海  姬光荣  蔡明华 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》1996,(2)

对GPS定位中的SA误差作了系统辨识。表明：SA误差可用时变AR（p）模型表述，AR（p）的时变参数可由RLS算法结合F判据建立的AR（p）模型辨识机获得。用该方法获得的模型对SA误差进行预报。在剔除野值后精度在10m之内。还提出了一种将以AR（p）模型表述的SA误差加入GPSKALMAN滤波器的方法，可得到一种具有SA预报能力的GPSKALMAN滤波器。  相似文献   

One Dimensional Ecosystem Model Simulation of the Effects of Vertical Dilution by the Winter Mixing on the Spring Diatom Bloom     

Naoki Yoshie  Yasuhiro Yamanaka  Michio J. Kishi  Hiroaki Saito 《Journal of Oceanography》2003,59(5):563-571

A one-dimensional ecosystem model has been used to investigate the processes relevant to the spring diatom bloom which play important roles in the biogeochemical cycle in the western subarctic Pacific. The model represents the plankton dynamics and the nutrient cycles in the spring diatom bloom; its results show the importance of dilution by deep mixing in winter. It is supposed that the vertically integrated biomass of phytoplankton decreases in the winter due to the decrease of photosynthesis, because the deep mixing transports phytoplankton to a layer with a low light level. However, the observed integrated diatom biomass increases as the mixed layer deepens. This is because the decrease of concentration due to dilution by mixing causes the diatom grazed pressure to be less significant than diatom photosynthesis. In other words, the effect of dilution on the grazed rate is more significant than the effect on the photosynthesis rate because the grazed rate depends on the concentrations of both diatom and grazer, whereas the photosynthesis rate depends only diatom concentration. The average specific diatom grazed rate, defined as grazed rate divided by diatom biomass, decreases by 35% associated with the deepening, while the average specific photosynthesis rate of diatom decreases by 11%. As a result, the average specific net diatom growth rate during the deep mixing is about 70% of its maximum during the spring diatom bloom. The deep mixing significantly affects the amplitude of the spring diatom bloom not only by the supply of nutrients but also by the dilution which drastically decreases the grazed pressure. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

非传统化探方法研究的新进展     

唐金荣  崔熙琳  施俊法 《地质通报》2009,28(203):232-244

在20世纪的找矿实践中,水系沉积物、土壤和岩石地球化学测量等传统化探方法发挥了令矿产资源勘查界瞩目的重要作用。随着深部找矿,特别是覆盖区找矿工作的日益增多,传统化探方法已不完全适应这种找矿条件,急需有新的方法技术予以补充。20世纪诞生的一套非传统化探方法,如选择性提取法、生物地球化学测量、地下水地球化学测量、地下气体测量等,重又受到青睐。在现代化学分析技术的支撑下,选择性提取技术成为当前化探界研究的热点,试点性研究显示了其找寻隐伏矿的有效性;生物地球化学找矿方法在植物积累元素的控制条件、分析测试方面均取得了较大进展,已经从幼年期进入成熟的早期阶段;地下水地球化学测量方法在地下水中矿物饱和度与物质计算、高质量的物理化学数据的获取和不同矿床类型的元素化合物指示标志的研究与评价方面做了大量的工作。同时,数据处理技术、重矿物地球化学找矿标志和同位素地球化学示踪技术的研究近年来也受到了极大关注。实验性研究表明,尽管这些非传统技术在找寻隐伏矿方面显示了良好的应用前景,但仍有许多问题需要深入研究。  相似文献   

火山岩储层斜长石选择性溶蚀的岩石学及热力学研究     

赵海玲  王成  刘振文  孙文亮  卿忠  陈令  朱峰 《地质通报》2009,28(4):412-419

长石溶孔是火山岩中重要的孔隙类型之一,火山岩的主要孔隙类型中长石溶孔所占的比例在1.24%～60.61％之间,在储层中占有重要地位。从岩相学、岩石化学CIPW标准矿物成分、热力学等方面论证了斜长石的选择性溶蚀。岩相学特征表现出斜长石选择性溶蚀的特征,即钙长石溶蚀时钠长石没有溶蚀,同时出现斜长石选择性溶蚀时钠长石和钾长石生长的现象。斜长石选择性溶蚀得到了CIPW标准矿物成分的支持,在CIPW标准矿物成分中长石的端元组分主要为钠长石和钾长石,而钙长石绝大多数为0或接近0。热力学研究表明,在同样的温度、压力和地层水成分的条件下,在斜长石中优先溶解钙长石组分。当地层水中Na+和K+浓度达到饱和时发生钠长石和钾长石沉淀,出现斜长石选择性溶蚀的同时发生钠长石和钾长石生长的现象。  相似文献   

甘肃酒泉盆地青西油田裂缝特征及成因分析     

李军  王德发  范洪军 《现代地质》2007,21(4):691-696

甘肃酒泉盆地青西油田泥砾岩相和泥云岩相储层中发育两种裂缝系统。采用多种方法,系统研究了不同岩相区裂缝的产状特征、电性响应特征和物性特征,并重点分析了控制裂缝形成的成岩演化成因。研究结果表明:泥砾岩相中发育有砾缘缝、粒内溶蚀缝和构造裂缝;泥云岩相中发育层面溶蚀缝、泄水裂缝及构造裂缝。裂缝系统不但对储层渗流能力有较大程度的改善,而且也具有一定程度的储集能力。母岩矿物的选择性（差异）溶蚀是控制本区裂缝和次生孔隙发育的主要因素：泥砾岩成分复杂,各种碎屑物及胶结物之间的交代、溶蚀以及不稳定碎屑颗粒的选择性（差异）溶蚀是砾缘缝、成岩溶蚀缝及大量次生孔隙在泥砾岩储层中形成的主要原因;泥云岩中存在的二元和三元纹层结构从根本上决定了裂缝的发育程度,碳酸钙的白云岩化和沸石化是层面溶蚀缝形成的主要成岩作用。  相似文献   

Effects of spring–summer grazing on longitudinal dune surface in southern Gurbantunggut Desert     

Xueqin Wang  Yuanming Zhang  Jin Jiang  Weikang Yang  Hongxu Guo  Yongfeng Hu 《地理学报(英文版)》2009,19(3):299-308

Intensive grazing in spring–summer has been responsible for environmental degradation of the Gurbantunggut Desert in recent years. The coverage of plants and biological crusts, sand surface stability and physicochemical characteristics of soil on the dune surface were conducted in 2002 (winter grazing) and 2005 (spring–summer grazing). The results showed that over 80% of the total area of the dune surface was covered by well-developed biological crusts and plants in 2002, when the interdune and middle to lower part of dune slopes were stabilized and only the crest had 10–40 m wide mobile belt. Affected by spring–summer grazing in 2005, over 80% of the total cover of biological crust was destructed and the plant coverage only reached 1/5 of that in 2002, especially the ephemeral plant cover had a great change. The value of sand transport potential in 2005 only reached 1/3 of that in 2002, but the total surface activity in 2005 was 1.6 times stronger than that in 2002. Meanwhile the mobile area began to expand from the dune top to the whole dune surface following spring–summer grazing. Compared with 2002, medium sand content of the dune surface soil increased by 13.9%, while that of fine and very fine sands decreased by 7.4% and 8.0% respectively in 2005 and the soil organic matter in 2005 was only about 1/2 of that in 2002. It is obvious that the presence of snow cover and frozen soil in winter could avoid the surface structure destruction in winter, while spring–summer grazing made excessive damage to biologic crusts and ephemeral plants. Spring is the main windy season in Gurbantunggut Desert and therefore intensive activity of dune surface occurred following spring–summer grazing, which led to a great loss of fine sand and organic matter. It can be seen that grazing season have a significant influence on the sustainable development of the desert ecosystem in Northwest China. Foundation: National Basic Research Program of China, No.2009CB421303; National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40771032; National Science Supporting Program, No.2007BAC17B03 Author: Wang Xueqin (1964–), Ph.D and Associate Professor, specialized in aeolian sand geomorphology, desertification and its control.  相似文献   

南极普里兹湾临近海域夏季纽鳃樽对浮游植物的摄食研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

李超伦  孙松  张光涛  吉鹏 《极地研究》2000,12(2):97-104

于 1 998年 1 2月至 1 999年 1月南极夏季 ,对南大洋普里兹湾临近海域主要被囊类纽鳃樽的数量密度分布进行了现场调查 ,同时于 - 3站对纽鳃樽对浮游植物的摄食率利用肠道色索法和颗粒递减法进行了现场研究。调查结果表明 ,纽鳃樽主要分布于调查海区的浮冰区北部边缘及其以北的开阔水域。在密集区其数量密度高达 2 795ind..1 0 0 0 m- 3,浮冰区几乎没有发现。 - 3站现场摄食实验结果显示 ,纽鳃樽个体肠道色素含量变化范围为 0 .1 4～ 1 .2 7μg.ind.- 1,平均为0 .98μg.ind.- 1。肠道色素法测得的纽鳃樽对浮游植物的摄食率为 7.9μg.ind.- 1d- 1,滤水率为2 81 ind.- 1d- 1。颗粒递减法测得纽鳃樽滤水率为 1 5.3± 4.61 ind.- 1d- 1,比肠道色素法所得结果偏低。虽然由此推算纽鳃樽群体的日摄食量只占浮游植物现存量的 0 .8% ,但是对于初级生产力却有一定的摄食压力 ( 72 .2 % )。  相似文献   

Gender-related differences of shrubs in stands of Atriplex canescens with different histories of grazing by cattle     

Andres F. Cibils  David M. Swift  Richard H. Hart 《Journal of Arid Environments》2000,46(4):383

Atriplex canescens is a relatively common dioecious shrub in western North America. It is considered a valuable forage resource for both wild and domestic herbivores. Sex ratios and shrub dimensions were recorded in stands of tetraploid A. canescens that had been either protected from cattle grazing or summer- or winter-grazed by cattle for at least 20 years. Stem diameter and crown shape were used as surrogates for shrub age which could not be estimated by counting growth rings. Shrub sex ratios in exclosures were significantly more female biased than the empirically derived ratio for tetraploid A. canescens (55 female:35 male: 10 monecious). Conversely, shrub sex ratios in grazed pastures were not significantly different from the empirical ratio. Proportion of female shrubs in exclosures was significantly higher than in grazed pastures. Proportion of male shrubs, on the other hand, was similar in exclosures and grazed pastures. Winter-grazed shrub stands were apparently younger than both summer-grazed and protected shrubs. Protected shrubs appeared to be the oldest. Grazed female shrubs were apparently younger than grazed males, however, shrub ages of protected male and female shrubs were apparently not different. Cattle-grazing may have affected female shrubs more negatively at this site, causing gender-based differential mortality, and/or sex-shifting. Such processes could account for the differences in sex ratios, and for the apparent gender-related differences in shrub age that were observed.  相似文献