The Energy Budget of Snow and Ice at Breidamerkurjökull, Vatnajökull, Iceland     

Friedrich Obleitner 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2000,97(3):385-410

Measurements of the energy and mass budgets have beenmade at the equilibrium line ofBreidamerkurjökull, a southern outlet glacier ofVatnajökull, Iceland. The glacier's surface wasmelting for most of the measurement period, whichallowed for a reliable closure of the energy budget.Sensitivity studies focussed mainly on potentialeffects of measurement errors, site-specificmicrometeorological conditions, surface developmentand different parameterization of the turbulentfluxes. Although the high stability and a roughnessdisturbance imposed certain restrictions, thesestudies confirmed the applicability of theMonin–Obukhov framework for the evaluation of turbulentfluxes.The characteristics of the energy and mass budgets arediscussed with respect to various time scales andsignificant weather conditions. Due to the maskingglacial boundary layer, warm fronts appearedcomparatively weak compared to the more vigorous coldfronts. The latter were often associated with leeeffects and give striking signals in the turbulent fluxes.Transition from snow to ice induced a distinct changein the regime because of related albedo and roughnesseffects.A compilation of the major energy budget components atglaciers all over the world confirms the maritimeregime at Vatnajökull.  相似文献   

大气模式中表面水热通量计算的一些问题   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵鸣  曾旭斌 《气象学报》2000,58(3):340-346

对现有的大气模式中计算海面和大气间水、热通量的通量-廓线关系式进行了评论,提出一个理论上较完整的通量-廓线关系式。其中考虑了水汽对M－O参数的影响,并引进相应于虚位温的标量粗糙度。MoanaWave的实测资料表明,由于该资料相应于温度的粗糙度zoh和湿度粗糙度zoq相差不大,使现有的公式计算结果与文中提出的公式差别不大。当zoh,zoq差别大时,两种公式结果有一定的差别。而文中公式理论上更为合理。还将不稳定状态下计算通量的简化方法推广到海面。  相似文献   

三峡水库澎溪河消落区土-气界面CO₂和CH₄通量初探   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李哲  张利萍  王琳  郭劲松  高旭  方芳  蒋滔 《湖泊科学》2013,25(5):674-680

水库近岸湿地(消落区)温室气体(CO₂、CH₄)产汇是水库温室气体效应问题的重要组成部分.本文以三峡水库支流澎溪河的白家溪、养鹿两处大面积消落区为研究对象,于2010年6 9月水库低水位运行期间,对近岸消落区土-气界面CO₂、CH₄通量进行监测.白家溪消落区土-气界面CO₂通量均值为12.38±2.42 mmol/(m²·h);CH₄通量均值为0.0112±0.0064 mmol/(m²·h).养鹿消落区CO₂、CH₄通量均值分别为10.54±5.17、0.14±0.16 mmol/(m²·h).总体上,6 9月土-气界面CO₂通量呈增加趋势,而CH₄通量水平呈现显著的递减趋势.消落区土地出露后植被恢复,在一定程度上促进了土壤有机质含量的增加,使得6 9月CO₂释放通量的总体趋势有所增加.消落区退耕后,其甲烷氧化菌的活性得到恢复,加之在土地出露曝晒过程中土壤透气性增强,使得消落区土壤对大气中CH₄吸收氧化潜势增强.尽管如此,仍需进一步的研究以明晰消落区土-气界面CO₂、CH₄产汇的主要影响因素.  相似文献   

长江口细颗粒泥沙絮凝沉降影响因素分析   总被引：33，自引：4，他引：33  

蒋国俊  姚炎明  唐子文 《海洋学报》2002,24(4):51-57

根据静水和动水条件下的细颗粒泥沙沉降试验结果,应用灰色模型分析中的关联度分析理论,分析了影响细颗粒泥沙絮凝沉降的主要因素.根据关联度的大小指出,影响细颗粒泥沙絮凝沉降的主要因素依次为水温、沉降历时、盐度、粒度、含沙量和流速,其中盐度和粒度是阈值型影响因素,沉降历时、含沙量和流速是连续型影响因素,水温是具有阈值型和连续型双重特性的影响因素.只要阈值型影响因素达到或超过了阈值,细颗粒泥沙就发生絮凝作用,因素值的变化对沉降强度影响不大.连续型影响因素对细颗粒泥沙絮凝沉降的影响是连续的,它们不仅影响絮凝作用发生,而且影响絮凝沉降强度.  相似文献   

Annual Carbon Gas Emissions from a Boreal Peatland in Continuous Permafrost Zone,Northeast China          下载免费PDF全文

Yuqing Miao  Changchun Song  Xianwei Wang  Henan Meng  Li Sun  Jiaoyue Wang 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2016,44(5):456-463

  相似文献   

用VIC模型模拟黑河上游流域水分和能量通量的时空分布   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

何思为  南卓铜  张凌  余文君 《冰川冻土》2015,37(1):211-225

受地形起伏影响, 山区流域的水分和能量通量时空分布差异很大. 利用水文模型VIC (variable infiltration capacity)对黑河上游流域的水文和能量时空分布进行了模拟, 并通过观测对模拟结果进行了验证. 结果表明:VIC模型能够较合理地模拟研究区径流过程, 对净辐射的计算也较准确, 模拟得到的部分水分通量和能量通量(感热、潜热和土壤热通量)在趋势上较一致, 但在数量上存在偏差. 积雪过程对研究区的水文和能量循环有重要影响, VIC模型对积雪的模拟偏差较大, 导致了每年4月左右的模拟径流偏低, 也没有模拟出积雪融化导致的土壤含水量上升; 同时, 积雪模拟的不准确也明显影响到能量通量的模拟. 在研究区, 土壤水分变化受土壤冻融影响明显, VIC模型对气温较高、不发生冻融过程的7-9月土壤水分变化模拟较好, 但是在其他月份, 对积雪及表层土壤消融导致的土壤水分迅速增加和土壤冻结导致的土壤水分迅速减少两个过程的模拟比较差; VIC模型能够给出水分和能量各通量的时空分布, 较好地揭示研究流域各个通量的空间异质性及相互影响.  相似文献   

The effect of beech stemflow on spatial patterns of soil solution chemistry and seepage fluxes in a mixed beech/oak stand     

Shih‐Chieh Chang  Egbert Matzner 《水文研究》2000,14(1):135-144

Stemflow of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) represents a significant input of water and elements to the soil and might influence the spatial patterns and the rate of seepage fluxes at the stand scale. We investigated the soil solution chemistry at different depths and distances from the stem and the element fluxes with stemflow, throughfall and seepage in proximal and distal stem areas of a 130‐year‐old beech/oak forest in Steigerwald (northern Bavaria, Germany). The proximal stem area (in total 286 m² ha⁻¹) was defined as a 1 m², 60 cm deep cylinder around the beech stem. Seepage fluxes were calculated by a soil hydrological model for 1996 using measured soil matrix potentials and tree xylem flow data for calibration. Stemflow represented 6·6% of the annual soil water input. With the exception of H⁺ fluxes, less than 10% of the total element fluxes with throughfall and stemflow reached the soil via stemflow. The volume‐weighted concentrations of H⁺, K⁺ and SO₄²⁻ in stemflow were higher than those in throughfall, while other elements had similar concentrations. Soil solution K⁺ concentrations decreased with stem distance, but the Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻ concentrations increased. Gradients for other elements were not statistically significant. Stemflow had a strong influence on the spatial patterns of element fluxes with seepage. The water fluxes through the soil of the proximal stem areas at a depth of 60 cm contributed 13·5% to the total seepage at the stand scale. Proximal to the stems about 20% of total seepage for K⁺, Mn²⁺, Alⁿ⁺, dissolved organic N and dissolved organic C were concentrated, but only 8–10% for Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺. The loss of acid‐neutralizing capacity calculated from the flux balance was about four times higher proximal to the stems compared with distal areas, indicating high rates of soil acidification proximal to the stems. Our results confirm the concept of a microsite around beech stems, characterized by high element and water fluxes in comparison with distal stem areas. Calculations of seepage fluxes and element budgets in beech stands have to consider the spatial heterogeneity of fluxes induced by stemflow. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

EFFECTS OF CONDENSATION HEATING AND SURFACE FLUXES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SOUTH CHINA MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM (MCS)   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

蒙伟光  李江南  王安宇  冯瑞权  古志明  闫敬华 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2005,11(2):144-153

A sensitive numerical simulation study is carried out to investigate the effects of condensation heating and surface fluxes on the development of a South China MCS that occurred during 23 – 24 May 1998. The results reveal the following: (1) Condensation heating plays an important role in the development of MCS. In every different stage, without condensation heating, MCS precipitation is significantly reduced, and quickly dissipates. (2) Condensation heating demonstrates most importantly during the early development stages of MCS vortex; as the vortex develops stronger, the condensation heating effects reduces. (3) By affecting the MCS development processes, condensation heating also influences the formation of MCS mesoscale environment structure features such as low-level jet (mLLJ), upper-level divergence. (4) By changing the antecedent environmental circulation, the surface fluxes also play an important role in the development of MCS. Because of the surface heating, pressure declines over the heavy rainfall and MCS happening regions, which results in the intensification of southerly flows from the ocean along the South China coastline areas, and leads to the enhancement of horizontal convergence and increase of vapor amount in the lower layer. All of these make the atmosphere more unstable and more favorable for the convection.  相似文献   

Settling velocity and drag coefficient of platy shell fragments     

Yanan Li  Qian Yu  Shu Gao  Burghard W. Flemming 《Sedimentology》2020,67(4):2095-2110

Settling velocity of bioclastic particles in coastal and shallow marine environments is essential for interpreting depositional facies and processes. There is, however, a paucity of accurate formulae for predicting the settling velocities and drag coefficients of platy biogenic particles in particular. This study provides experimental settling data based on 320 platy shell fragments from a sediment core recovered in Li'an Lagoon, south-eastern Hainan Island, China. The results indicate that the settling velocities of platy shell fragments are strongly correlated with nominal diameters and Corey shape factors (ranging from 0.02 to 0.20 in this study). On this basis, a practical equation of acceptable accuracy was established for platy particles, relating dimensionless settling velocities to dimensionless diameters and Corey shape factors. Similarly, another empirical formula for quickly calculating the equivalent diameter of platy shell fragments in practice was proposed as well. Regarding the strong dependence of the drag coefficients using equivalent spherical diameters to Corey shape factors, the drag coefficient based on the diameter of the equivalent maximum projected area remains almost constant and is hence physically well-suited for the definition of grain drag coefficients. The settling data of this study has extended the lower Corey shape factors limit of bioclastic particles, and the equations presented here can be used for quantitative interpretations of sedimentary records, modelling of depositional processes and investigations of other platy particles.  相似文献   

湖泊水体中HCHs沉降通量及其与浮游植物间响应关系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

迟杰  王倩怡  马永民 《湖泊科学》2008,20(3):323-326

于2006年跨春夏秋三季对一封闭的小型湖泊水体中颗粒物的沉降通量和浮游植物生物量进行了采样调查,测定了沉降颗粒物中的TOC含量和六六六（HcHs）含量。结果表明,湖水中浮游植物在春末以及秋季密度较大,浮游植物密度、叶绿素含量和总悬浮颗粒物浓度总体变化趋势基本一致,说明水体总悬浮颗粒物浓度与浮游植物生物量密切相关;春季颗粒物沉降通量较大,且与总悬浮颗粒物浓度和叶绿素含量之间存在一定的滞后性,夏季和秋季颗粒物沉降通量保持在一个较低水平;HCHs的沉降通量呈现春季较大的现象,与颗粒TOC沉降通量变化趋势相一致,表明HCHs的沉降主要受颗粒TOC沉降通量的控制。  相似文献