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601.
西藏中部"一江两河"地区地表通量的卫星遥感估算 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
西藏中部一江两河地区(包括雅鲁藏布江中游和拉萨河、年楚河中下游地区)是西藏主要的农业区,藏中农业区地表特征参数(地表反照率、地表温度和植被指数)的变化和地表通量的遥感估算对农作物长势监测、农作物估产、灾害监测以及理解农业区内部乃至其与周边地区的能量水循环研究具有重要的意义.选取2003年4月14日和10月16日影像作为春季和秋季代表,利用两种相同空间分辨率的卫星资料———AVHRR和MODIS反演研究区地表特征参数和地表通量.在反演得到地表特征参数的基础上,结合研究区9个台站的地面气象观测资料,利用SEBS模式对该地区地表通量进行了遥感估算.结果表明,研究区地表能量平衡各分量具有明显的空间分布和时间变化特征.同一天中AVHRR和MODIS估算结果空间分布态势保持一致,但由于过境时间的差异,MODIS通量结果均大于AVHRR. 相似文献
602.
2009年3月28—29日在九龙江河口区采用自制沉积物捕获器分层收集沉降颗粒物,分别进行了扫描电镜、激光粒度和ICP—MS分析,并研究了沉降颗粒物的垂直通量。结果表明:各站各层沉降颗粒物类型以生物和矿物颗粒为主,絮凝体类型各站各层有所不同。各站各层之间粒度参数的变化主要是受絮凝作用的影响所致,沉降颗粒物垂直通量在各海域... 相似文献
603.
Carbon distribution and fluxes of 16 rivers discharging into the Bohai Sea in summer 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Riverine carbon input is closely related to the inshore aquatic environment,the marine carbon pool and climate change.Samples were synchronously obtained from 16 rivers discharging into the Bohai Sea (China) in 1-5 July 2005.The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations of the 16 rivers were mainly controlled by anthropogenic activities.The particulate organic carbon (POC) of the Haihe,Luanhe,Ziyaxinhe,Chaobaixinhe,Xiaoqinghe,Xiaolinghe,Duliujianhe,Jiyunhe,and Majiahe Rivers mainly originated from pollu... 相似文献
604.
Zhao Wei Youze Xu Yanyan Zhao Yuanyuan Zhao Leilei Bai Helong Jiang Changhui Wang 《国际泥沙研究》2021,36(4):542-554
Sediment resuspension is an important way for shallow lake internal pollution to interact with the overlying water column,and the pollution risks are reasonably related to the retention of resuspended sediment particles in overlying water.In the current study,the settling of resuspended sediment particles was comprehensively investigated under different disturbances using five urban lake sediments.The results show that the particle size distributions of resuspended sediment from different lakes exhibited similar variations during settling with disturbance,although varied settling times were observed under static conditions.During settling with and without disturbance,sediment particle sizes were mainly within 8-63μm at the initial stage,and were<8μm in the later stages of settling.Based on these settling characteristics,the sediment particle size was divided into sand(>63μm),silt(8-63μm),and very fine silt and clay(<8μm)fractions.Kinetic analysis suggested that sediment settling for different particle sizes could be well described by the first-and second-order kinetic equations,especially when settling was disturbed(r2=0.727-0.999).The retention of resuspended sediment could be enhanced as particle sizes decreased and disturbance intensities increased.Furthermore,a water elutriation method was successfully optimized,with separation efficiencies of 56.1%-83%,to separate sediment particles into the defined three particle size fractions.The chemical compositions of sediment were found to change with different particle sizes.Typically,calcium tended to form large-size sediment,while the total contents of aluminum,iron,magnesium,and manganese showed significantly negative correlations with sediment particle sizes(p<0.01)and tended to distribute in small-size particles(e.g.,<8μm).Overall,the sediment particle size related settling dynamics and physicochemical properties suggested the necessity on determining the pollution of resuspended sediment at different particle sizes for restoration of shallow lakes. 相似文献
605.
Research Advance in Air-Water CO2 Exchange of Estuaries 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Estuary holds a key position in linking the four geo-spheres, i.e., atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. Figuring out the transfer mechanisms of estuarine carbon, especially the exchange ofCO2 at the air water interface is conducive to understanding the carbon pattern in coastal oceans. To date, many fruitful studies have been conducted on the control mechanism towards the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in different estuarine areas around the world. By a thorough research on the latest studies of estuarineCO2 exchange with the atmosphere, it is concluded as follows: ①A common pattern is found on the spatial distribution of pCO2in different estuarine areas. However, the concrete seasonal change of pCO2 shows great differences, and the corresponding control factors also vary considerably. ②Estuaries are believed to be large sources ofCO2 to the atmosphere. It is estimated that the global estuarineCO2 degassing fluxes, although the global surface area of estuariesis small, are up to 0.25×1015~0.50×1015g C/a; and about 1/3 of riverine carbon is released into the atmosphere during the estuarine transit. ③Degradation of organic matter, lateral transfer of marsh derivedCO2 , mineral deposits in water and turbulence in the liquid phase are the main factors that are responsible for the emission of estuarineCO2 . At present, this estimate of estuarineCO2 exchange with the atmosphere is based on limited spatial data, therefore problems such as the limitation in the depth and scope of studies still exist. There are also varieties of uncertainties in the estimation of gas transfer velocity and the whole areas of global estuaries, all of them make it difficult to reach an accurate evaluation ofCO2 fluxes at the air water interface. It is difficult to predict the future trend of theCO2 exchange at the air-water interface due to the complexities of the driving forces and feedback mechanisms in estuarine carbon cycle and the intense anthropogenic disturbance. Investigating the mechanism of pCO2 in estuarine areas, improving the accuracy of evaluation ofCO2 fluxes and comparing studies of different estuaries would be new scopes in the future researches on the exchange ofCO2 at the air-water interface in estuaries. 相似文献
606.
本文利用2006年夏季大气边界层观测资料,采用涡动相关法分析了我国西北地区戈壁下垫面碳收支及水热循环的规律和特征,并分析了大气湍流特征.结果表明:夏季白天的CO2湍流通量呈逆输送特征,即CO2白天向下输送,夜间向上输送,平均数值为-0.199 mg·m-2·s-1,整体上表现为碳汇;戈壁地区湿度小,其数值受水平来流的影响较大,日变化特征不明显;温度的归一化标准差与稳定度参数的关系满足Monin-Obukhov Similarity (MOS)理论;温度和CO2的能谱相似;互谱uc与uθ,wc与wθ相似;水汽和CO2的输送主要受水平方向湍流的影响. 相似文献
607.
Anatoly Obzhirov 《东北亚地学研究》2006,9(2):161-163
The research works of methane concentration in water column of the Okhotsk Sea from 1984 to 2005 were reviewed.And some regularities of methane distribution in water column in the North-East Sakhalin slope of the Okhotsk Sea were concluded. 相似文献
608.
Aggregation processes of fine sediments have rarely been integrated in numerical simulations of cohesive sediment transport in riverine systems. These processes, however, can significantly alter the hydrodynamic characteristics of suspended particulate matter (SPM), modifying the particle settling velocity, which is one of the most important parameters in modelling suspended sediment dynamics. The present paper presents data from field measurements and an approach to integrate particle aggregation in a hydrodynamic sediment transport model. The aggregation term used represents the interaction of multiple sediment classes (fractions) with corresponding multiple deposition behaviour. The k–ε–turbulence model was used to calculate the coefficient of vertical turbulent mixing needed for the two‐dimensional vertical‐plane simulations. The model has been applied to transport and deposition of tracer particles and natural SPM in a lake‐outlet lowland river (Spree River, Germany). The results of simulations were evaluated by comparison with field data obtained for two levels of river discharge. Experimental data for both discharge levels showed that under the prevailing uniform hydraulic conditions along the river reach, the settling velocity distribution did not change significantly downstream, whereas the amount of SPM declined. It was also shown that higher flow velocities (higher fluid shear) resulted in higher proportions of fast settling SPM fractions. We conclude that in accordance with the respective prevailing turbulence structures, typical aggregation mechanisms occur that continuously generate similar distribution patterns, including particles that settle toward the river bed and thus mainly contribute to the observed decline in the total SPM concentration. In order to determine time‐scales of aggregation and related mass fluxes between the settling velocity fractions, results of model simulations were fitted to experimental data for total SPM concentration and of settling velocity frequency distributions. The comparison with simulations for the case of non‐interacting fractions clearly demonstrated the practical significance of particle interaction for a more realistic modelling of cohesive sediment and contaminant transport. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
609.
The measurement of surface energy balance over a land surface in an open area in Bangalore is reported. Measurements of all
variables needed to calculate the surface energy balance on time scales longer than a week are made. Components of radiative
fluxes are measured while sensible and latent heat fluxes are based on the bulk method using measurements made at two levels
on a micrometeorological tower of 10m height. The bulk flux formulation is verified by comparing its fluxes with direct fluxes
using sonic anemometer data sampled at 10Hz. Soil temperature is measured at 4 depths. Data have been continuously collected
for over 6 months covering pre-monsoon and monsoon periods during the year 2006. The study first addresses the issue of getting
the fluxes accurately. It is shown that water vapour measurements are the most crucial. A bias of 0.25% in relative humidity,
which is well above the normal accuracy assumed by the manufacturers but achievable in the field using a combination of laboratory
calibration and field intercomparisons, results in about 20W m−2 change in the latent heat flux on the seasonal time scale. When seen on the seasonal time scale, the net longwave radiation
is the largest energy loss term at the experimental site. The seasonal variation in the energy sink term is small compared
to that in the energy source term. 相似文献
610.
This study analyzes the variability of northern Eurasian snow cover(SC) in autumn and the impacts of atmospheric circulation changes. The region of large SC variability displays a southward shift from September to November, following the seasonal progression of the transition zones of surface air temperature(SAT). The dominant pattern of SC variability in September and October features a zonal distribution, and that in November displays an obvious west–east contrast. Surface air cooling and snowfall increase are two factors for larger SC. The relative contribution of SAT and snowfall changes to SC, however, varies with the region and depends upon the season. The downward longwave radiation and atmospheric heat advection play important roles in SAT changes. Anomalous convergence of water vapor flux contributes to enhanced snowfall.The changes in downward longwave radiation are associated with those in atmospheric water content and column thickness.Changes in snowfall and the transport of atmospheric moisture determine the atmospheric moisture content in September and October, and the snowfall appears to be a main factor for atmospheric moisture change in November. These results indicate that atmospheric circulation changes play an important role in snow variability over northern Eurasia in autumn. Overall, the coupling between autumn Eurasian snow and atmospheric circulation may not be driven by external forcing. 相似文献