Current estimates of freshwater flux through Arctic and subarctic seas   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Robert Dickson  Bert Rudels  Stephen Dye  Michael Karcher  Jens Meincke  Igor Yashayaev 《Progress in Oceanography》2007,73(3-4):210

As the world warms, the expectation is that the freshwater outflows from the Arctic Ocean to the North Atlantic will strengthen and may act to suppress the rate of the climatically-important Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Hitherto, however, we have lacked the system of measurements required to estimate the totality of the freshwater flux through subarctic seas. Though observations remain patchy and rudimentary in places, we piece-together the results from recent large-scale observational programmes together with associated modelling, to establish preliminary maps of the rates and pathways of freshwater flux through subarctic seas. These fluxes are calculated according to two reference salinities, S = 34.8 to conform with the majority of estimates reported in the literature, and S = 35.2, the salinity of the inflowing Atlantic water, to calculate the freshwater balance of the ‘Arctic Mediterranean’. We find that 148 mSv of freshwater enters the Nordic Seas across its northern boundary. There it is supplemented by around 54 mSv of freshwater from Baltic runoff, Norwegian runoff, P − E and Greenland ice melt, so that the total freshwater contribution to the Nordic Seas from all sources is 202 mSv. Of this, around 51 mSv of freshwater is estimated to pass south to the deep Atlantic in the dense water overflows leaving an assumed balance of 151 mSv to leave the Nordic Seas in the upper water export through Denmark Strait. The corresponding estimate for the freshwater outflow west of Greenland is 103 mSv relative to 35.2 so that the total freshwater flux reaching the North Atlantic through subarctic seas is around 300 mSv.  相似文献   

砂土对管道约束力的模型试验研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

澍旺 《海洋工程》1996,(1)

为研究砂土与海底管道的作用机制，验证计算模式，我们用细砂和原型管道进行了模型试验。对埋入土中的管道，主要进行了轴向摩阻力试验，并将试验结果与多种计算方法进行了比较。对半埋管道，首先进行了管道静置沉降试验，试验结果与国外有关资料进行了对照，并验证了以极限分析理论为基础建立的计算方法；其次进行了管道侧向阻力试验以及往复荷载作用下管道侧向阻力及沉降试验  相似文献   

Settling of Kaolinite in Different Aqueous Environment     

《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2006,24(3):203-218

Settling characteristics of soils carry great importance for geotechnical engineers since sediments properties are formed during the settling of soil particles in an aqueous environment. In this study, settling characteristics of kaolinite are investigated. Different ionic strengths of NaCl, CaCl₂ and AlCl₃ were considered as a function of pH in aqueous environment of varying solid concentrations. Factors affecting the settling characteristics and fabric of kaolinitic sediments have been identified. The results of the study reveal that kaolinite settles in either flocculated or dispersed forms depending on pH and ion concentration. Flocculated settling occurs in acidic pH due to formation of flocs in edge-to-face structure with increasing positive charges at the particle edges. Dispersed settling occurs in alkaline pHs when ionic strength is low. When ionic strength is increased in alkaline pHs, kaolinite particles settle in flocculated form. Furthermore, the results show that pH has a significant role on the final sediment thickness or void ratio of kaolinite. Densely packed structures in alkaline and loosely packed structures in acidic aqueous environments are formed depending on pH level. Results also show that as the solid concentration increases, the settling rate decreases due to buoyancy effect. Finally, the zeta potential of kaolinite is correlated with the final sediment thickness or void ratio of kaolinite as a function of pH. This correlation proves that there is a good agreement between zeta potential and the final sediment thickness or void ratio, especially when the soil is settled in a dispersed form.  相似文献   

Analysis of three years of boundary layer observations over the Gulf of Mexico and its shores     

Steven R. Hanna  Clinton P. MacDonald  Mark Lilly  Charles Knoderer  C.H. Huang 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2006,70(4):541

Boundary layer observations were made over the Gulf of Mexico over a 3-year period in order to develop and test methods for estimating surface fluxes and boundary layer wind fields. In addition to routinely available buoy and CMAN surface data, six 915 MHz radar wind profilers (RWPs) and RASS profilers were mounted on oil platforms and on the shore. Estimates of surface momentum, sensible heat, and latent heat fluxes have been made from the surface observations using the COARE software. Simulations by the National Weather Service's Eta meteorological model are compared with the observations of surface fluxes and wind profiles. The boundary layer is found to be unstable over 90% of the time, and latent heat fluxes are about five to ten times larger than sensible heat fluxes, as usually found over tropical oceans. Eta model simulations of surface fluxes are within about ±50% of COARE estimates of the fluxes based on surface observations. Most of the time, COARE-derived fluxes at 11 sites are within a factor of two of each other at any given hour. In multi-day case studies, COARE calculations are found to agree with Eta model simulations of these fluxes and parameters within a factor of two most of the time. Eta model simulations of wind speeds in the boundary layer tend to exceed the RWP observations by 1–2 m s⁻¹ near shore and by 2–6 m s⁻¹ at distances of 100–200 km offshore.  相似文献   

青岛近海海域气溶胶干沉降通量模拟研究I-Williams干沉降模型中潮湿粒子增长效应的改进     

祁建华李培良  李先国冯丽娟 张曼平 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2005,35(3):445-450

为了计算青岛近海海域气溶胶粒子的干沉降通量，运用Gerber提出的湿度公式改进了Williams干沉降模型中湿度计算方法，使模型具有更加广泛的使用范围。利用改进后的模型讨论了湿度、风速、水气温差、破碎表面的转移系数和横向转移系数对不同粒径气溶胶粒子干沉降速率的影响。计算了不同粒径粒子的干沉降速率，并与干沉降速率的文献报道进行了比较。结果显示：改进的模型更适合于估算实际区域的气溶胶干沉降通量，可用于青岛近海干沉降通量的研究。  相似文献   

Seasonal and interannual variability of the air–sea CO₂ flux in the Atlantic sector of the Barents Sea     

Abdirahman M. Omar  Truls Johannessen  Are Olsen  Staffan Kaltin  Francisco Rey 《Marine Chemistry》2007,104(3-4):203-213

The seasonal and interannual variability of the air–sea CO₂ flux (F) in the Atlantic sector of the Barents Sea have been investigated. Data for seawater fugacity of CO₂ (fCO₂^sw) acquired during five cruises in the region were used to identify and validate an empirical procedure to compute fCO₂^sw from phosphate (PO₄), seawater temperature (T), and salinity (S). This procedure was then applied to time series data of T, S, and PO₄ collected in the Barents Sea Opening during the period 1990–1999, and the resulting fCO₂^sw estimates were combined with data for the atmospheric mole fraction of CO₂, sea level pressure, and wind speed to evaluate F.The results show that the Atlantic sector of the Barents Sea is an annual sink of atmospheric CO₂. The monthly mean uptake increases nearly monotonically from 0.101 mol C m^− 2 in midwinter to 0.656 mol C m^− 2 in midfall before it gradually decreases to the winter value. Interannual variability in the monthly mean flux was evaluated for the winter, summer, and fall seasons and was found to be ± 0.071 mol C m^− 2 month^− 1. The variability is controlled mainly through combined variation of fCO₂^sw and wind speed. The annual mean uptake of atmospheric CO₂ in the region was estimated to 4.27 ± 0.68 mol C m^− 2.  相似文献   

长江口北支进入南支净盐通量的观测与计   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

茅志昌  沈焕庭  陈景山 《海洋与湖沼》2004,35(1):30-34

根据 2 0 0 1年 4月 1 0— 1 3日长江口大潮期 5个潮周期 3条测量船的同步连续观测资料 ,计算了长江口北支进入南支的净盐通量为 5 4 5× 1 0 6 t,这一结果为预测长江口南支及青草沙水源地的咸潮入侵强度和开发利用长江口淡水资源提供了重要数据。  相似文献   

运用分粒级的泥沙垂线分布分析长江口泥沙絮凝沉降特征   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

李炎  王亚琴  林以安 《海洋工程》1994,(4)

据扩散理论提出运用分粒级的泥沙垂线分布推算各粒级相对沉速ω_ｉ／ω_ｃ，絮凝因素比Ｆ_ｉ／Ｆ_ｅ和絮凝指标ｆ的方法，由此分析长江口１９９０年８月的实测数据。长江口泥沙的沉速曲线和絮凝指标在近口段、河口段和口外海滨段存在着明显的区域差异。絮凝沉降特征的主要变化产生的低盐度区。现场动态沉降规律与实验室模拟所得的静态沉降规律具有相似的变化趋势。  相似文献   

El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Related Variations in Particulate Export Fluxes in the Western and Central Equatorial Pacific     

Hodaka Kawahata  Lallan Prasad Gupta 《Journal of Oceanography》2003,59(5):663-670

Time-series data from sediment trap moorings intermittently deployed during 1991–1999 show that the fluxes of biogenic material (carbonate, opal and organic matter, including amino acids) and other related parameters are temporally and spatially distinct across the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP). These variations resulted from the El Niño and La Niña conditions, which alternately prevailed over the equatorial Pacific Ocean during the mooring deployments. The westernmost WPWP (a hemipelagic region) recorded relatively high average total mass and amino acid fluxes during the El Niño event. This was in sharp contrast to the eastern part of the WPWP (oligotrophic and weak upwelling regions) which recorded higher flux values during the La Niña event. Settling particulate organic matter was rich in labile components (amino acids) during La Niña throughout the study area. Relative molar ratios of aspartic acid to β-alanine together with relative molar content of non-protein amino acids β-alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid) suggested that organic matter degradation was more intense during La Niña relative to that during El Niño in the WPWP. This study clearly shows that during an El Niño event the well documented decrease in export flux in the easternmost equatorial Pacific is accompanied by a significant increase in export flux in the westernmost equatorial Pacific Ocean.  相似文献   

Activity Concentrations and Fluxes of Radiocesium in the Southern Baltic Sea     

D. Knapinska-Skiba  R. Bojanowski  Z. Radecki  G. E. Millward 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2001,53(6):779

The activity concentrations of dissolved¹³⁷Cs have been determined in the water column and¹³⁷Cs and¹³⁴Cs in the sediments and the sediment porewaters of the southern Baltic Sea. The mean activity concentration of dissolved¹³⁷Cs in the Gdansk Deep declined from 109 Bq m⁻³in June 1986 to 61 Bq m⁻³in 1999. In sediments, the activity concentrations of¹³⁷Cs (33-231 Bq kg⁻¹) were highest in muds and the activity concentrations of¹³⁴Cs were about 6% of the total Cs activity. The Chernobyl contribution to¹³⁷Cs activity was between 43% and 77%. The porewater activity concentrations of¹³⁷Cs in muddy sediments were in the range 71 to 3900 Bq m⁻³and were higher than those in the overlying seawater. The diffusive flux of dissolved¹³⁷Cs from the muddy sediments was estimated in the range 5 to 480 Bq m⁻²year⁻¹. The flux of¹³⁷Cs from sediment porewaters of the southern Baltic Sea was about 45% of the total, including fluxes of¹³⁷Cs from wet and dry atmospheric deposition and the fluvial inputs. The results were used to elucidate the rate of recovery of the sediments and the waters of the southern Baltic from Chernobyl-derived¹³⁷Cs.  相似文献