Bed roughness and grain sorting-an experimental study over fine to medium sand beds     

Barendra Purkait  Dipanjan Das Majumdar  Rajat Mazumder 《国际泥沙研究》2017,32(3)

The relation between grain-size distribution of the bed and in suspension was critically examined under a uniform flow velocity of 50 cm/s over two beds: one of mainly fine sands and the other of medium sands. Two sections – one 2.85 m downstream and the other 6.35 m downstream in the experimental channel-were selected for sampling to study the grain-sorting pattern in the vertical direction along the direction of transport. The shape and type of the grain-size distribution pattern were critically studied with height above the bed. The change in the distribution pattern has been attributed to the change of local bed roughness causing scouring against the protruded relatively coarse grains on the bed. Such trends are important to predict the nature of river bed topography. The sand of Bed-1 initially exhibits a log-skew-Laplace distribution at different heights of suspension. The distribution pattern, however, changes but this changing pattern is not consistent along the upstream side. For Bed-2, which initially exhibits a log-normal distribution, the same pattern persists from the height of suspension at 5 cm up to 20 cm. Such consistency in log-normality is also observed at the downstream points of measurement. It is generally expected that the mean grain-size would reduce with increases of suspension height but the results of the experiments, in some occasions, differ significantly from the gradual fining upward trend. This result has been attributed to local changes of bed roughness arising from the protruded relatively coarse grains causing eddies, scouring, and turbulent phenomena which moves coarse particles higher in suspension adding a coarse tail to the distribution increasing the mean grain-size.  相似文献   

Particle transport mechanics and induced seismic noise in steep flume experiments with accelerometer-embedded tracers     

Florent Gimbert  Brian M. Fuller  Michael P. Lamb  Victor C. Tsai  Joel P. L. Johnson 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(1):219-241

Recent advances in fluvial seismology have provided solid observational and theoretical evidence that near-river seismic ground motion may be used to monitor and quantify coarse sediment transport. However, inversions of sediment transport rates from seismic observations have not been fully tested against independent measurements, and thus have unknown but potentially large uncertainties. In the present study, we provide the first robust test of existing theory by conducting dedicated sediment transport experiments in a flume laboratory under fully turbulent and rough flow conditions. We monitor grain-scale physics with the use of ‘smart rocks’ that consist of accelerometers embedded into manufactured rocks, and we quantitatively link bedload mechanics and seismic observations under various prescribed flow and sediment transport conditions. From our grain-scale observations, we find that bedload grain hop times are widely distributed, with impacts being on average much more frequent than predicted by existing saltation models. Impact velocities are observed to be a linear function of average downstream cobble velocities, and both velocities show a bed-slope dependency that is not represented in existing saltation models. Incorporating these effects in an improved bedload-induced seismic noise model allows sediment flux to be inverted from seismic noise within a factor of two uncertainty. This result holds over nearly two orders of magnitude of prescribed sediment fluxes with different sediment sizes and channel-bed slopes, and particle–particle collisions observed at the highest investigated rates are found to have negligible effect on the generated seismic power. These results support the applicability of the seismic-inversion framework to mountain rivers, although further experiments remain to be conducted at sediment transport near transport capacity. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

急陡沟道泥石流起动特征模型试验研究——以汶川县福堂沟为例   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李宁  唐川  龚凌枫  杨成长  陈明  甘伟 《地质学报》2020,94(2):634-647

急陡沟道泥石流是汶川震区发现的一类特殊泥石流,调查发现其具有物源量大、侵蚀强烈,冲出规模大等特点,是震区地质灾害治理的难点。本文以汶川县典型急陡沟道泥石流福堂沟为原型,分析了其发育条件和特征,并通过模型试验等手段,还原并分析了急陡沟道泥石流起动及形成的过程,以及相应的土体内部参数变化特征。试验显示在20°、25°、30°的坡度和480mL/s、410mL/s、360mL/s的径流量的试验条件下,泥石流分别以不同的方式起动(沟床侵蚀型、滑坡流态化起动型、消防管起动型),同时结合实验过程中土体内部孔隙水压力及体积含水率变化特征的研究,详细还原了相应的泥石流起动全过程。试验数据的分析结果显示,在不同的起动方式下,土体内部的数据变化表现出不同的特征:其中,不同试验条件下的泥石流起动孔隙水压力呈现出规律性差异,即水槽坡度、径流量越大,泥石流所需的起动力越小;此外,坡度越大,土体所需的饱水时间越长,而在相同坡度下,流速越大,预饱水时间越短;研究还发现,泥石流的爆发时间与沟床坡度呈反比,并且径流量越大,泥石流持续时间也越长。基于实验结果,通过相似理论计算得到的泥石流起动流速,与实际情况一致,表明本的研究结论可为汶川震区急陡沟道泥石流的研究提供参考。  相似文献   

The effect of flood intermittency on bifurcations in fluviodeltaic systems: Experiment and theory     

Max S. Daniller-Varghese  Wonsuck Kim  David C. Mohrig 《Sedimentology》2020,67(6):3055-3066

The dimensions and organization of deltaic islands and channels dictate delta morphology. This study presents experimental results modelling deposition at a river mouth and flow bifurcation around delta islands. Mouth bar formation and channel bifurcation is achieved in a laboratory setting by alternating input of suspended load transport and bedload transport. These two modes of transport produce two characteristic deposits with different advection lengths. Suspended load transport creates a steep deposit far from the inlet, while bedload creates a low angle, levéed deposit near the inlet. This study found that flow bifurcations occur where the proximal and distal deposits encroach on one another; and determined that there is a relationship between the frequency of suspended load transport and the length to channel bifurcation. Frequent flooding causes shorter length to bifurcations, whereas infrequent flooding causes greater length to bifurcations. This work overturns the hitherto understood mechanism of bifurcation location as a function of only high-transport conditions. Instead, the interactions between the sediment transport and deposition from normal flow and large-scale flooding events dictate delta island morphology.  相似文献   

湿地边界层通量影响热带气旋登陆维持和降水的数值试验   总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8  

李英  陈联寿 《气象学报》2005,63(5):683-693

用MM5v3模式及其TC Bogus方案对台风Nina(7503)在中国大陆上的维持加强过程进行模拟,并通过各种敏感性试验,研究了饱和湿地对热带气旋在大陆上维持和降水的影响。结果表明:湿地边界层内各通量对登陆热带气旋的强度、结构及其降水具有明显影响。潜热通量和感热通量均有利于热带气旋的维持和加强,其中潜热输送的作用显著,感热输送的作用较小。潜热和感热通量有利于热带气旋雨带螺旋结构的维持,对台风降水分布有明显影响,动量通量对热带气旋风场有显著的削弱作用,是其能量耗散、低压填塞的主要原因,但对台风降水具有局地增幅作用。  相似文献   

SST对台风过程影响的敏感性试验——以“杰拉华”为例     

胡耀辉  赵彪  赵杰臣 《海洋预报》2019,36(1):76-85

针对台风"杰拉华"过程,使用中尺度大气模式(WRF),采用不同时间分辨率的TRMM/TMI海表面温度观测资料作为大气模式底边界条件,设计数值试验,研究不同时间分辨率SST对台风模拟的影响;同时,通过分析HadISST1资料得到东中国海近50 a SST变化趋势,根据计算得到的SST(海表温度)变化趋势重构SST,并以重构的SST作为模式底边界条件,通过定量分析水文要素的变化,研究台风"杰拉华"过程对重构SST的响应情况。数值试验结果表明:SST时间精度的提高对台风"杰拉华"的路径后报误差减小贡献较小,但台风强度精度有明显提高。在根据SST长期变化趋势改变SST条件后,海平面气压显著降低,海面10 m风速、潜热通量、波浪能密度明显加大,有较明显增幅。  相似文献   

沙尘和灰霾对西北太平洋浮游植物群落结构变化的影响     

贺敬怡  张潮  牟英春  褚强  石金辉  高会旺 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2019,(7):71-84

通过在西北太平洋黑潮亲潮混合区(E02和E10M)和副热带寡营养区(M1和M1B)开展的船基围隔培养实验,探究了不同海域表层海水中浮游植物对沙尘和灰霾添加的响应,以及浮游植物群落结构的变化。结果表明,黑潮亲潮混合区浮游植物可能受铁(Fe)限制,副热带寡营养区浮游植物主要受氮(N)限制。沙尘和灰霾添加均可以促进浮游植物生长,并可使浮游植物的粒级结构分布发生明显变化。在黑潮亲潮混合区,沙尘添加组使小型浮游植物对总叶绿素a的贡献率(C_Micro)由～10%上升至～55%,超微型浮游植物对总叶绿素a的贡献率(C_Pico)由～70%下降至～20%,但在培养实验过程中,各粒级浮游植物对总叶绿素a贡献率的变化量与沙尘添加量无明显的相关关系,这种现象的原因可能是不同量的沙尘添加均可为浮游植物的生长提供较充足的Fe导致的。在副热带寡营养区,沙尘或灰霾添加组的C_Micro由～10%上升至～35%,C_Pico由～70%下降至～55%～～35%,各粒级浮游植物对总叶绿素a贡献率的变化与沙尘或灰霾添加量呈线性相关关系,表明浮游植物的生长对沙尘或灰霾的N供给量具有较高的敏感性。  相似文献   

Experimental studies of a damaged ship section in forced heave motion     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

This work documents a detailed series of experiments performed in a wave flume on a thin walled prismatic hull form. The model consists of a rectangular opening located on the side. The length of the model is slightly smaller than the flume breadth to achieve two-dimensional (2D) behavior in the experiments. Forced oscillatory heave tests in calm water have been carried out by varying the model-motion parameters and examining both intact and damaged conditions. Video recordings, measurements of the wave elevation inside the damaged compartment and of the force on the model were performed in all the experiments. The effect of damage opening in the model on hydrodynamic loads is examined by comparing with an intact section. A theoretical analysis is used to explain the behavior of added mass and damping coefficients in heave for a 2D damaged section. The presented results demonstrate occurrence of sloshing and piston mode resonances in the tests and their influence on the hydrodynamics loads of a damaged ship. Detailed physical investigations are presented at these resonance frequencies for the damaged section. Effect of filling level in the damage compartment, damage-opening length and air compressibility in the airtight compartment is examined. Nonlinear effects are documented and appear dominant, especially, for lowest filling level where we have shallow-water depth conditions in the damaged compartment. Resonance phenomena that can lead to significant local loads are identified for the shallow water condition. Air compressibility in the airtight compartment and floodwater act as a coupled system and influence inflow/outflow of floodwater in the compartment. It has a significant effect on local floodwater behavior in the damaged compartment.  相似文献   

细粒沉积物理模拟研究进展与展望   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

周川闽  张志杰  邱振  成大伟  袁选俊  刘银河  黄秀 《沉积学报》2021,39(1):253-267

沉积物理模拟是指在限定条件下对不同沉积环境中的沉积过程进行模拟的实验,其对研究水利工程、环境科学、环境工程、海洋学、沉积学及油气勘探等具有重要意义,但其发展远不能满足生产需求,特别是近年来快速崛起的非常规油气勘探的需求.前人基于无黏性均匀沙的研究,已经建立一系列的泥沙运动理论及方程,在泥沙特性、沉积底形、地貌景观、重力...  相似文献   

Amplification of flood discharge caused by the cascading failure of landslide dams     

Shoki Takayama  Masamitsu Fujimoto  Yoshifumi Satofuka 《国际泥沙研究》2021,36(3):430-438

The cascading failure of multiple landslide dams can trigger a larger peak flood discharge than that caused by a single dam failure.Therefore,for an accurate numerical simulation,it is essential to elucidate the primary factors affecting the peak discharge of the flood caused by a cascading failure,which is the purpose of the current study.First,flume experiments were done on the cascading failure of two landslide dams under different upstream dam heights,downstream dam heights,and initial downstream reservoir water volumes.Then,the experimental results were reproduced using a numerical simulation model representing landslide dam erosion resulting from overtopping flow.Finally,the factors influencing the peak flood discharge caused by the cascading failure were analyzed using the numerical simulation model.Experimental results indicated that the inflow discharge into the downstream dam at the time when the downstream dam height began to rapidly erode was the main factor responsible for a cascading failure generating a larger peak flood discharge than that generated by a single dam failure.Furthermore,the results of a sensitivity analysis suggested that the upstream and downstream dam heights,initial water volume in the reservoir of the downstream dam,upstream and downstream dam crest lengths,and distance between two dams were among the most important factors in predicting the flood discharge caused by the cascading failure of multiple landslide dams.  相似文献