海绵城市建设下的生态效应分析——以常德市穿紫河流域为例     

王夏青  孙思远  杨萍  邹小燕  易巧梅  彭保发  许建伟 《地理学报》2019,74(10):2123-2135

海绵城市建设被认为是解决城市内涝、水污染和水资源短缺、热岛效应等问题的有效途径之一。中国自2015年起共确立30个海绵城市建设试点城区,为今后海绵城市建设在全国范围的推广提供示范。基于实地调研、查阅资料并对比分析穿紫河流域海绵城市建设前后的水文、植被和气候等自然要素变化。结果表明：常德市城市内涝有效缓解,但在暴雨发生时局部仍出现积水和内涝现象;穿紫河水质总体上由劣Ⅴ类转变为Ⅲ类,但在冬季周期性恶化及污染物富集;穿紫河流域生物多样性显著增加,同时也表现出植物种类单一、具有环境净化功能的植物种类较少、生态系统不完整和管理不善等问题;常德市夏季的热岛效应有一定程度缓解。常德市2004-2019年的海绵城市建设显著提升了穿紫河流域的生态效应,为该地区的社会经济发展和人居环境改善提供了重要的生态基础,也为合理评价其他试点城区海绵城市建设效果提供借鉴。  相似文献   

Experimental characterization of the impact of temperature and humidity on the breakdown of soil water repellency in sandy soils and composts          下载免费PDF全文

Amii Whelan  Cedric Kechavarzi  Frederic Coulon  Stefan H. Doerr 《水文研究》2015,29(8):2065-2073

Soil water repellency is a widespread phenomenon with the capacity to alter hydrological and geomorphological processes. Water repellency decays with time, and the consequences are only of concern during the timescale at which the water repellency persists. This study aimed to characterize the influence of temperature and humidity on the breakdown of water repellency. Apparent contact angle measurements were carried out on samples consisting of sand treated with stearic acid as well as naturally repellent dune sands and composts. Temperature and humidity were controlled using a cooled incubator and a purpose designed enclosed box in which humidity could be raised or lowered. Results showed the contact angle of the stearic‐acid‐treated sands decayed with time and that there was a significant increase with stearic acid concentration. For all samples, the decay in apparent contact angle could be described with a continuous breakdown model. The stearic‐acid‐treated sands showed a significant increase in contact angle with relative humidity at a temperature of 10 and 20 °C. These differences diminished with increasing temperature. Similar results were seen for the dune sands and composts. Despite the influence of temperature and humidity on contact angles, there was no significant change in the rate at which the contact angle decayed in any sample. Absolute humidity was found to provide a more relevant indicator than relative humidity when assessing the influence of humidity on repellency over a range of temperatures. The contact angle initially increased with absolute humidity before plateauing owing to the confounding effect of temperature. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

利用跨断层形变资料研究天山中段断层现今活动特征     

韩桂红  滕海涛  高歌  李桂荣  张治广 《大地测量与地球动力学》2019,39(1):72-76

利用2001年以来天山中段多个跨断层形变场地的测量资料，从断层运动方向和断层平均速率2个方面分析天山中段3条断层现今活动特征。结果表明，霍玛吐断裂呼图壁段断层的活动性质为正、逆断和左、右旋交替活动；北轮台-辛格尔断裂库尔勒段断层表现为右旋运动特征，活动性质为逆断性；妖魔山F2断裂乌鲁木齐段的断层活动性质以逆断为主。妖魔山F2断裂乌鲁木齐段断层的活动程度最高，霍玛吐断裂呼图壁段最低。霍玛吐断裂、北轮台-辛格尔断裂、妖魔山F2断裂垂直方向上基本均处于张性变化，前两者水平向处于挤压状态；断层活动速率的时间进程具有阶段性特征，各个时间段转折点有较好的匹配性。  相似文献   

Sea Level Prediction in the Yellow Sea From Satellite Altimetry With a Combined Least Squares-Neural Network Approach     

Jian Zhao  Yanguo Fan  Yuxiang Mu 《Marine Geodesy》2019,42(4):344-366

Accessible high-quality observation datasets and proper modeling process are critically required to accurately predict sea level rise in coastal areas. This study focuses on developing and validating a combined least squares-neural network approach applicable to the short-term prediction of sea level variations in the Yellow Sea, where the periodic terms and linear trend of sea level change are fitted and extrapolated using the least squares model, while the prediction of the residual terms is performed by several different types of artificial neural networks. The input and output data used are the sea level anomalies (SLA) time series in the Yellow Sea from 1993 to 2016 derived from ERS-1/2, Topex/Poseidon, Jason-1/2, and Envisat satellite altimetry missions. Tests of different neural network architectures and learning algorithms are performed to assess their applicability for predicting the residuals of SLA time series. Different neural networks satisfactorily provide reliable results and the root mean square errors of the predictions from the proposed combined approach are less than 2?cm and correlation coefficients between the observed and predicted SLA are up to 0.87. Results prove the reliability of the combined least squares-neural network approach on the short-term prediction of sea level variability close to the coast.  相似文献   

A smoothed particle hydrodynamics modelling of soil–water mixing and resulting changes in average strength     

Wangcheng Zhang  Mark F. Randolph 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2020,44(11):1548-1569

Soil–water interaction is a pivotal process in many underwater geohazards such as underwater landslides where soil sediments gradually evolve into turbidity currents after interactions with ambient water. Due to the large deformations, multiphase interactions and phase changes this involves, investigations from numerical modelling of the transition process have been limited so far. This study explores a simple numerical replication of such soil–water mixing with respect to changes in average strength using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). A uniform viscoplastic model is used for both the solid-like and fluid-like SPH particles. The proposed numerical solution scheme is verified by single-phase dam break tests and multiphase simple shear tests. SPH combinations of solid-like and fluid-like particles can replicate the clay–water mixture as long as the liquidity index of the solid-like particles is larger than unity. The proposed numerical scheme is shown to capture key features of an underwater landslide such as hydroplaning, water entrainment and wave generation and thus shows promise as a tool to simulate the whole process of subaquatic geohazards involving solid–fluid transition during mass transport.  相似文献   

中国旅游城市生态安全系统评估与类型划分研究 ——基于节点权重约束网络DEA模型   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

秦晓楠  程钰 《地理科学》2019,39(1):156-163

采用 DPSIR概念模型作为旅游生态安全系统的基本形态,引入网络 DEA模型测度系统运行效率,从“投入-产出”的研究视角探究旅游生态安全系统内部作用机理。采用结构方程模型对网络 DEA模型的结构及权重加以限制,构建具有节点权重约束的网络 DEA评价模型,对主要旅游城市生态安全系统实例进行实证研究。研究结果认为：将生态安全系统分为自然运行阶段、管理反馈阶段2阶段进行效率评价,加权综合得出各旅游城市生态安全系统的综合评价值,以此为依据将样本城市划分为按系统效率的评价结果将其分划为绿色发展型、稳步发展型、高效发展型、双向提升型和管理能力缺失型,针对各类型旅游城生态安全系统特点提出改善其生态安全系统状况的建议。  相似文献   

The Scientific Conceptual Framework for Ecological Quality of the Dryland Ecosystem: Concepts,Indicators, Monitoring and Assessment     

WU Rina  CONG Weiwei  LI Yonghua  LI Siyao  WANG Dongfang  JIA Zhiqing  WANG Feng 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2019,10(2):196-201

The dryland ecosystem is the dominant component of the global terrestrial ecosystem since arid regions occupy 45% of the earth’s land area and feed 38% of the world's population. The stability and sustainable development of the dryland ecosystem are critical for achieving the millennium development goal (MDG) in the arid and semiarid areas. However, there is still no scientific guideline for measuring and conserving the health and productivity of dryland ecosystems. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop the scientific conceptual framework of defining, monitoring and evaluating the ecological quality of dryland ecosystems. The ecological quality of dryland ecosystems is represented by a system of comprehensive indicators that are each extracted from the ecological elements, and structural and functional indices of the ecosystem. These indicators can be monitored by integrating satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles with ground-based sensor networks at the scale of either observational sites or regional scales. Finally, the ecological quality can be evaluated by evaluation models based on the normalized index values and their thresholds. This paper presents a conceptual framework for monitoring and evaluating the ecological quality of drylands, which provides a way of advancing the monitoring, diagnosis, and evaluation of the ecological quality of the dryland ecosystems.  相似文献   

Analytical modeling on consolidation of stiffened deep mixed column-reinforced soft soil under embankment     

Zhen Zhang  Fengrui Rao  Guanbao Ye 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2020,44(1):137-158

Stiffened deep mixed (SDM) column is a new ground improvement technique to improve soft soil, which can be used to increase bearing capacity, reduce deformation, and enhance stability of soft soil. This technique has been successfully adopted to support the highway and railway embankments over soft soils in China and other countries. However, there have been limited investigations on its consolidation under embankment loading. This paper developed an analytical solution for the consolidation of embankment over soft soil with SDM column in which core pile is equal to or shorter than outer DM column. The consolidation problem was simplified as a consolidation of composite soil considering the load shear effect of core pile. The developed solution was verified by a comparison with the results computed by three-dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis. A parametric study based on the derived solution was conducted to investigate influence factors—length of core pile, diameter of core pile, diameter of SDM column, modulus of DM column, and permeability coefficient of DM column—on the consolidation behavior of SDM column-supported embankment over soft soil. The developed solution was applied to a case history of SDM column-supported embankment, and a good agreement was found between the predictions and the field measurements.  相似文献   

Estimation of daily stream water temperatures with a Bayesian regression approach          下载免费PDF全文

Mohammad M. Sohrabi  Rohan Benjankar  Daniele Tonina  Seth J. Wenger  Daniel J. Isaak 《水文研究》2017,31(9):1719-1733

Stream water temperature plays a significant role in aquatic ecosystems where it controls many important biological and physical processes. Reliable estimates of water temperature at the daily time step are critical in managing water resources. We developed a parsimonious piecewise Bayesian model for estimating daily stream water temperatures that account for temporal autocorrelation and both linear and nonlinear relationships with air temperature and discharge. The model was tested at 8 climatically different basins of the USA and at 34 sites within the mountainous Boise River Basin (Idaho, USA). The results show that the proposed model is robust with an average root mean square error of 1.25 °C and Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.92 over a 2‐year period. Our approach can be used to predict historic daily stream water temperatures in any location using observed daily stream temperature and regional air temperature data.  相似文献   

Deducing the spatial variability of exchange within a longitudinal channel water balance          下载免费PDF全文

Noah M. Schmadel  Bethany T. Neilson  Tamao Kasahara 《水文研究》2014,28(7):3088-3103

Developing an appropriate data collection scheme to infer stream–subsurface interactions is not trivial due to the spatial and temporal variability of exchange flowpaths. Within the context of a case study, this paper presents the results from a number of common data collection techniques ranging from point to reach scales used in combination to better understand the spatial complexity of subsurface exchanges, infer the hydrologic conditions where individual influences of hyporheic and groundwater exchange components on stream water can be characterized, and determine where gaps in information arise. We start with a tracer‐based, longitudinal channel water balance to quantify hydrologic gains and losses at a sub‐reach scale nested within two consecutive reaches. Next, we look at groundwater and stream water surface levels, shallow streambed vertical head gradients, streambed and aquifer hydraulic conductivities, water chemistry, and vertical flux rates estimated from streambed temperatures to provide more spatially explicit information. As a result, a clearer spatial understanding of gains and losses was provided, but some limitations in interpreting results were identified even when combining information collected over various scales. Due to spatial variability of exchanges and areas of mixing, each technique frequently captured a combination of groundwater and hyporheic exchange components. Ultimately, this study provides information regarding technique selection, emphasizes that care must be taken when interpreting results, and identifies the need to apply or develop more advanced methods for understanding subsurface exchanges. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献